..ठ袨 -     
饭   ⠫  䨫䨨 ମ ᫥ ࠧ ⥮਩  
᪮ ᠬ ᫥⥫.   砩:  室   
쬠 ᫥  ᫨⥫  ਨ 祫⢠ -  ᥩ ਨ 
    栬, -    楫  
ॠ쭮,  楫 ᨢ  । ९⥭  ᨬ⥩. 
⫨ 䨪 ᫮  뫪   "᪮ 
",   ⮫ । ।﫨 ᠬ ⨫ 饣 諥, 
窨   , ⨯  樮쭮. ᫥   㪠 
᫥⥫ 뢠    ⮣  ॡ ᭥ 
।⮢,   ⥫㠫쭮  ᫨⥫ ⨯ , 
⥩,    ⢮   ᫨.   । 
⨭    쭥襩 ࠡ,  ᫨ -஬ 㦥 
.
***
   㣨 ।⠬  ன ᫥  
࣫  ᮧ   ᫥    ⨢ 
।⠢,   樠 . ᫥⢨ﬨ ⮩ 
ன  ࠧ   ,   뢠 "ᮢ६묨" 室  
ᮧ,  ᮡ ஡⨪   ன ᫥ ᮧ,  
ਬ⥫쭮   㫨 ᥣ   뫨  ᫨ ࠭, 
 .  ᫥⢨   ᥡ  -  ࠭  ⠭ 
ࠧ -  ⠪ 㤭 ᭨,  窨 ७ ࠤ樮 
ᢥ⥫᪮ 樮, 䨫᪨  ᮢ६,  
䥭, ⥭樠, 樮 , 宠, ࠫ⨪ 
 ᫥   .. (, ,  ⥫쭮 稭 
⮣, 祬 ⠪ 室 ᫥ 饭    ᮢ 
 ᮧ).        ᢮ࠧ ।⮢ 
 ᪨ 奬 諥  ᮧ,  ࢠ ࠬ ࠤ樮 
᪮ 䨫䨨.  ⮬  ⠪ ஭ ᮧ,  ⠫ 㦥 
   䨫᪮ ⠭樨 "⮣ ᮧ", ᠬ⥫, 
⢮᪨ ⮬  業஬ ண  , ࠧ, 
஧筠  ᠬ ᥡ  - 㠫 祫. । 
᫥ ᮧ   㣮 ,  ஭  ᨬ 
 ᮢᥬ   ࠢ, 祬 ࠭,  ⮤ ७   
騩 ᯥ樨,  ६ 쭮 訩 ᫥⥫ﬨ 
ᮧ, 頫  袠.
 ॢ  ⢨  ࠬ ० ᥣ ᪮ ᫥ 
। ⢥ ଠ樨 - ⠫, ஥ ⨧஢ ( 
筮 ࠧ   ࠢ) 騥 ᮧ 㭪 
ਠ᪮  ਨ, ⮣ ᮬ  襣  ⮣, 
 ࠦ ,  ⥧.  裡  ⨬ 室 ᤥ ᪮쪮 
।⥫ 砭 (᪮    ⤥쭮 ⥮ਨ ᮧ,  
  ⤥쭮 祭  ⮤,  ⨪  ..)[51].
 ᪮ 㪥  த ० ᥣ ⮤, 䨫 
ࠡ, 祬 த   ନ ᠬ ᪮ 㪨,    
ᮡ⢥ ⢮᪨ .  ࠡ   ᫮  ᮤঠ 
ॢ, ⢫   , ᫮  ᮤঠ 
ᮧ   ⮩  ࠧ ( "ࠤ",   ᥩ ) 
䨫᪨ ᮧ⥫쭮 筮 諥, 饣  ᢮  
⢥訥 (  ⨪-᪨) , ந襣 楫 
ࠧ ⮩ 㪨, ࠡ⠢襣  ⨯ ⥮ਨ  .. ꥪ⨢  ⮬ ⨯ 
諥    䨫᪨ ⥧  ᪨ ᫨⥫ 
奬, ࠧ  몥 ᪮ 㪨,  ⥬    
뤥  ⢥ 䨫᪨ ⥣਩. , ਬ, , 
騥 த "饩 ⢥-ᢥ⢥,  ⢥" 
(), ஡ ꥪ⨢樨, ⭮襭 ꥪ⨢஢, 
⢥-।   ꥪ⨢-⥫ ᯮᮡ 祫, 
⭮襭 樮쭮   ᪮ ⥫쭮,   ⮬, 
  ॠ쭮  ।⠢ ।⢥ ⥫  祬 
   ⮡ࠦ[52]  ..
 ᯥ樠쭮 ᫨  ,  ᮢ襭 祢 । 
। ⥮ ᮧ.     , 祬 ⮫쪮 㡮, 
   ⠫  ᮧ  ࠧ ,   뫨 
 ᤥ,    ଥ  ਯ뢠 㣨 (ਬ, 
䥭, ⥭樠⠬, 宠⨪  .[53]).
筮, ᭮  ᮢ ࠡ, ਬ  "⠫",    
, -  ,   ந  ꥪ⨢, ⥬-୮ 
᫥ ᢮ । - ᪨ ⭮襭 । 樠쭮 
ଠ樨,    ⠪  ᫥, ஥  । ᭥ 
 ᢮  ९⥭  - ய᪮ த ꥪ⮢, 
  ⥫ﬨ,  ᪫砥 뫪  ⢫塞 ⨬ ꥪ⠬ 
  ᪨ ,   ⨢樨, 楫, 
  .. ᫥ ⥬, ᠬࠧ饥 ࣠᪮ 楫.  
 Mapca  ᮢ襭 ࠢ   ⮬,   㬥  
 㪨 ⠪  ७, 㬥 ८  ய 
।饩, ᪮ ,   砫   
᢮ ᭮   ࠪ⭮, ⨨᪮ 饭  祫 
 ࠫ    㥬 ॡ⥩, ⮢, ᮢ 
 .. ਬ ᮬ ⮤ ᫥ ᪨  ꥪ⨢  
  ᪨ ᠬ  ᮧ   窮  
(  ⮬ ᫥  䨣  ࠧ   ᮤঠ 
ᮧ).
,     㯠  ᮧ,    ⭮襭?   
,    - ।.  -  㦨 
 䠪,   ࠧ ꥪ⨢, ਠ᪨ ⮤  
⢥    ६     ᮧ  
ᮡ ࠧ,  ந   童   
㭤⠫ 室 ।⠢   த, ᯮᮡ ⢨  
७樠樨 ᭮ .
  ⮬,   ᮢ襭 ᮡ ।⠢ ᥡ 樠 ⥬:  
 砥  ந ᢮ ᫥ ⠪,  㦥  室 㭪  
  ⥬, ॠ騬  㭪樮騬 ।⢮ ᮧ,  
 ⠪,  ᮤঠ  ᥡ ᢮  ⮡ࠦ  ⢥ 室 
 (,  ,   ᥡ ᮧ ⥫  ⢥ 
७  ᮡ⢥ ⢨). ⮣ த ⥬  뫨  
,  ।, 樠쭮-᪨ ⥬.   
 ᬠਢ ᮧ  㭪, ਡ 樠 ⥬ 
⥫쭮, 뢮  ᮤঠ  ମࠧ  ९⥭  
७樠樨 痢 ⥬,    ⮣ ⮡ࠦ ꥪ  ⨨ 
ꥪ. ᫥⢨ ⮣  ᮧ ।⠥  ࠭   
  ⢥-। , "⢥ 饩",  த 
᫥  ஢ 祫᪮ ꥪ⨢.   ⥬ ᠬ ࠧ 
窠 , ᨬ -  ᫥ ᠬ  ᮧ -  
宫᪨ ᮧ⥫ ࠦ 客  ,  ࠧ  
 ᠬ  ᠬ᭥,  몠 ⨢樨  ..
饥  ꥪ⮢ ᮧ   ਭ樯  ᮢ襭 
ꥪ⨢,   "।⭮",  騬   ꥪ⨢, 
ᬠਢ  ⢥ ஦ ᠬࠧ⨥  ७樠樥 ⥬ 
樠쭮 ⥫쭮  楫.   㢨,  ⮣ 楫   
᫥ ᮬ.    ⠭ ନ  堭 
ࠧ  ।⭮⥩ ᮧ,  "।⠢⥫ﬨ" ( 
"⥫ﬨ") 祣- 㣮, 祬  ᠬ   ᮧ ꥪ⨢ 
ᮤঠ,  㯠 ਥࠬ   . ⨬ 㣨 
뢠 樠쭠   堭, ॠ  ⥫쭮 
 쬨 (祬 ᠬ 堭 ࠧ ᮧ   ).
 ࠧ, ᫨  ᪮ 䨫䨨, 襩  ᢮  
"䨫䨥 ᠬᮧ"  ਯ뢠襩 ᮧ ⥫ , 
 ᫥ ⥪ ⮫쪮   ७ -  ७   
।⠢, ந 䫥ᨢ ᮧ ꥪ,    
 ᮧ   筮 ନ, 뢠  樠쭮 
७,  樠 堭[54].
 த, 室饩  ᪮筮 ᪮ ᮧ   
奮᪨ 㡨;   祬- , ꥬ, ஭ 
ନ  ࠧ ६  ஢ -  ஢ 
堭 樠쭮, 堭 ᮧ⥫쭮, 堭  ⥬, 
  ..,   㣮 ஭, ⠢  ᫮ ᪨ 
ࠧத,    ࠧ ६    ࠧ   
.   筮, ᮧ   㡨  ࠧ ७  
墠뢠 ᠬᮧ⥫쭮 ࠡ⮩ ࠧ饣  ᥡ    . , 
᫥⥫쭮,    ᢥ  த.  -     
⠬䮧 ᮢ ꥬ, ୮ 楫,    
ᡥ࣠.  ᬠਢ      ᢮ 묨 ﬨ,  
ᨬ  .
 奬 ᮢ  ᮧ ⥪  楫 鸞 ⥮਩: 1) 
⥮᪮  樠쭮 ᫮ ᮧ; 2) ⥮ਨ 訧  
ᨬ 樠쭮  ᮧ; 3) ⥮ਨ  (⨬,  ࠧ 
ᮬ 樠쭮-䨫᪠ ⨪   ॢ⨫ ᫥⢨  
,  뢠 ⥯ 樮   ᪮ 樯); 4) 
⥮ਨ 㪨  ᢮ 客 ந⢠  ᮡ  ⥫쭮 
ᮧ; 5) ⥮ਨ ᮧ  㤨 筮⭮ ࠧ 祫   
⢥⢥     ᪮ ⢨.
  ࠭稬 ᬮ७   ࠢ 室 ᮢ 
᫨, த   ⪨  ᪨ ࠪ権  
"奬⨧",  稢   ⨯ ᮢ  ᮧ.
***
  ⮩ ࠪ⮢ ᮧ,     ਬ "⮢୮"   
"⠫",  㦨  ࠧ 祭   饣 ᮢ 
室.   뫮   筮 ( ।⨢-।) 
 ᮧ  . ᭨ .
 ࠪਧ ⮢   "⢥-ᢥ⢥,  
⢥",    ⠪,    ᢮ த묨, 
⢥묨 ᢮⢠ ࠦ    ⢥ ᮧ栭 ( 
ࠦ 䨪㥬),   ஭ ᢮ த ⥫ 騥 
⢥ ᢮⢠  ⭮襭.
  砥  ࠦ ⮢஬ ⮨. ⢥  த⮢ 
祫᪮ ⥫쭮 ᥣ ਮ ᢮⢮   樠 
祭   ⠪ ॣ㫨 ᮧ⥫ ⥫쭮 ,  
饭.   ᮧ ᢮⢮ , ਬ, ⮨ , ᫥⥫쭮, 
  樠 祭 ਭ  ,  ⭮ ⥫᭮ 
த.  뢠   ⢥ ࠪ  ࠡ   
⭮  ( ᮧ ) ᢥ⢥ ᢮ ᢮⢠, 
७饣     .     ᮬ 訧 த⮢ 
㤠, 騩 , " ᪮  ந  ⮢&#8230;" ( .,  
. ., . 23, . 82).    ࠧ ᮧ,  ᨬ饩  
饩 ⥫쭮,      ன ᫥  
 ⥫, ⭮  த 裡 "⢥ ⨥ - ᮧ" 
  ⮤  .
祬 । ।⠥  ᮧ  ⠪,    ࠧ? ⢥ 
   , -   ﭭ   ⢥砥  ᢮ ᫥ 
(  ⮫쪮   ,    樠 ᫥ ,  
 ⨢  ணࠬ ⥫쭮 ᮢ, ⨩,   ..), - 
। ० ᥣ ⢫祭   堭 㠫쭮 
ᮧ,  ࠢ쭮  訡筮 ᮢ , ᮢ蠥 
. ⮡ ஭  , ந室騥  ᮧ,  
ந ᫥ ࠪ:  ஬⮪   童 ⭮襭 
"ꥪ (⢥ ⥫,  樠 祭) - 祫᪠ 
ꥪ⨢",  ⮫쪮    孮,   ᮡ : 
楫 ⥬ ᮤঠ⥫ ⢥ 痢, 痢  
⥫쭮  쬨, ᪫뢠  ७஢   
. ⥬  砥   堭, ⥪騥  䠪 
 ९⥭  ᫮ ⭮襭  ⮩ ⥬,  ஢  
⠦ ன ꥪ⨢ "⥪" 祫᪠ ⥫쭮,  ।⭮ 
९塞 ⢥ ᨫ.
 ⮣ ।饣  ॢ稢  ⭮襭,  ࠬ 
ண ᮧ 砫. , ਭ ⤥묨 ꥪ⠬ ( 
ਭ ꥪ⨢), 뢠 ⠫ﬨ ⥬ ( 
⥬) ⭮襭, ௠騬 ᢮    童.   
ᮧ   ꥪ ᮢ蠥  ࠭⢠, ᮧ ⨬  
⭮襭ﬨ, , ᫨ 㣮,  몠. १  ⭮襭   
஫ ॠ  祭 ᮧ,   ⮣  ᮧ⥫쭮  
⨢, ᮢ  客 ᫮,  ਢ    
⢥ ⥬.
ப뢠  ⮢   ᪨    ,  
ࠤ쭮   奬 稭 ᮧ. 堭᪠ 稭, 
 ।騩 樮,   , ய᪨   
樠쭮  ᮧ,    ࠡ⠥, ᪮    
⮬ ।,   ਭ樯쭮 ᯮᮡ   砥  
᢮ ⢨⥫   ᢮ ⢨⥫쭮    ᮧ栥  
ꥪ  "稭"  ꥪ⨢ ᮧ⥫ ࠧ (  裡 
樠権,  ࠧ騬 ). ⪠뢠  ⮣ 
।,  뢮 ࠧ ᮧ   ।⢥ 
ᮤঠ ⤥ ꥪ⮢, ७ᨬ ⥬ ஢ ⢥  
ᮧ,   ⭮襭, ᪫뢠  묨 ꥪ⠬  ⥬,  
   ७樠樨   ⭮襭. ⤥ ꥪ   
⫮ﬨ, "饭ﬨ" ⥬,   ண뢠 - ஭, 
  ப  裡, .  ଠ   ᫥ 
      ⭮襭  ⮩ . ⨥  
 ᮧ -    ᬮਬ ஡ - ࠪਧ ⥬,  
⭮襭,  裡  ᯫ⥭  ଠ ௠ ᢮ ࢨ筮 
ᮤঠ  , 饭. ଠ 㦨    ।⠢⥫쭨楩 ( 
頥 )  ᮧ,   ⮬  믠 ⭮襭   饭 
   ᢮ ࠧ諥.  ⭮,   ⭮襭  
ᮧ      "稭", 㥬  ⤥쭮  
 ப ⥬, ன ⭮襭  ,  ⥬,   -  
稭.    ⮬,  ⢥ ᮧ ᫮ 
⢥ ⨥,  ᮤঠ ᪨, ࠢ   
஥ ࠧ  ।⢥ ᠬ ᪨ ⭮襭  
..,  ᬠਢ  ⮬  ࠪ権  権,   
᭮ ᮢ 奬 稭 裡  ⢥ ⨥  ⢥ 
ᮧ. ⮨ ⮫쪮    ⮫  奬, ਬ,  
ய᪮ ,   ⠭ ᫥ (  稫,  
⭮,  "᪨ ਠ⮢").   裡  ⨥ 
⥬ 稭  묨 ࠧ栬 ୮  ᮧ  
     ਠ᪮  ࠪ⮢, 
࠭   ᮧ ਭ樯 樠쭮 ନ, 
    ᫮, ⭮⥫쭮 ᠬ⥫   
⢥⢫ ᮧ.
 奬 ⥬ 稭,  䠪᪨ ᫥ 䥪 
⢨ ⥬ ६   ஭ ꥪ⮢   ஭ ꥪ  
  ᥡ ᭮ ⨥,  ਬ⥫쭮  ⨬ ६ 
 䥪⠬ ᫥ ஢ ࠧ祭 ।  ᮧ, ॠ쭮 
 ࠦ. 㤭      䠪,     
ࠧ  㭪,  ⭮襭 "  ⥬,   ।⠢ ᮡ  
ᠬ " (⠬ , . 23, . 83).  ᮡ  ᠥ  砥, 
  ࠧ  "㤥"  "ਢ" ⮢୮ ,   
    ࠧ饣    뢮!   
䥭  ᮬ  ⢥ ᮧ: "ଠ ⮢", "ଠ 
業", "業 㤠", "業 ⠫", "ଠ 業", "⮨ ".  
  ॠ, ꥪ⨢ ⭮襭!  㣮 ஭,  ꥪ, 
  㦥  ⢥ ᮡ⢥ ᪨ (ਬ,  ⮩ 
  ଥ 業), 㤭⥫쭮 ᪠, ।    ᮧ, 
 ਢ  ஢ "⠫"  ⥫⢮: ꥪ⨢  
ꥪ⨢   [55]. ⢨⥫쭮,      
ꥪ⠬?
   ⮬,   뢠 䥭 த ᮧ,  
  । ࠪ   ࠪ,  ஢ 
ᮧ ꥪ⨢  ॢ饭 ।⮢  । ࠧ, 
⢫祭  ᮢ, ந室  ७  ꥪ.  ஬ 
᪮ २⢮ ,  ਤ襣  "䥭"  
ᮢ६ , । ᥬ 訬 䥭 ⮨  ࠧ  ⮬, 
 ,  㦥 ᭮  ।饣, "室  䥭",   
稭 ந宦,  樠 ⥬ 饭,  䥭 
ᮧ 㦨[56]. ᪮  ⠭ ⮢ ⮦⢠   
⢨⥫쭮, ᮧ  । 蠥   㣠, 
䥭᪠ : -,   ᠬᮧ饣, 䫥ᨢ 
樠쭮  ᮧ,  ⮢ ᪨, ⥮᪨  .. 
ଫ  ⥬⨧権 뢠 ।஢; -,  ⮬,  
⠫ ᫥ ।樨,  ।⭮ ᮧ, ⮦⢥ ᮡ 
। ଠ, ஦ ⭮襭ﬨ ⥬,   ⮬   
  ⠢  ,     ⮩ ⥬    
஦[57].        ᢥ⢥ ᢮⢠ 
।⮢,     " " ⨯ 業 㤠 -  ਭ樯 
 ⮨  ⮬, ⮡ 㤨    ᮧ  ⮬ ᯥ᪮ 
८ࠧ,  ௥ ॠ ⭮襭, ⠭ ⠪ 
।묨 ଠ (ਬ, ⢥-ᢥ⢥ ⮢୮ ⮨). 
⥫쭮, ⮡ 㤨  ᮧ  ⮬,    ⫨  
ᥡ, ⢮ ᥡ ஫ , ⮩ 樨 祢  ..,  ᠬ 
ᮧ ᬠਢ,  ,  ᫮   㭪樮஢ 
 ८ࠧ ।⮢.
୥ ⮬  ⮢,  ⮩ "⢥-ᢥ⢥ ".   
ந室?  ᮢ ᫥ 뢠,   ॠ ⭮襭 
 ,   ,   ,   ।  ᮧ,  ,  
஡ ᮧ栭   樠쭮 堭, த⮬ ⢨ 
ன     ᮧ 祫 ॠ쭮 -  譥, ⠪ 
 ७. ⮬ ⢥  ,    । , 
⫨稬  ᮧ,    ந諨, ࠢ筮 ⢥  ,  
  "" ।⠢ ( ⠢)  ᮧ (, 
ᮢ騬  ᠬ ᮧ). Map 室  ⮣ 䠪,  ॠ쭮 
ਭ  । ମ,  ମ ⮩稢   
ࠧ ।⭮⥩ ᮧ, , । ᫮, ⥭権, ⠪ 
   ਭ  ꥪ⨢ ⯥⮪  ⨭,  "ꥪ⨢ 
 , 室饩  " ( .,  . Co., . 23, . 82). 
ࠪ ⥫쭮  ࠦ ⭮   ᮧ   । 
ࠧ  ।⮢.  ⠪ ॢ稢  稢 
ᮧ,  ஬ ॠ     ᢮ 
।⠢⥫⢠. ਬ,  砥 ⮢ ᮡ⢥ ⢥ ⭮襭 
  ᮢ㯭  (⮨) ।⠢ ᮧ 室饣   
⢥ ⭮襭 饩, ᮧ ᢥ⢥ ᢮ ᫥ ( 
 㣨  - ⢥ ⭮襭 , ⭮襭 ⢥ ᨬ 
ॡ, ᨬ 樠 "ᮢ"  "஫"  ..).
⭮,  祭  ਤ  ஥樨  ꥪ⨢樨.  
 뢠,     ஥ - த ᮧ,  ᮧ  
⭮ ᢮ ஥樨  ꥪ⨢樨, ᮢ訢 ᨬ  
, "ࠡ⠢"  樠쭮 ⥬ ( ⢥ ᮧ  
।⭮ ९ ⢥   ⥫쭮, ।㥬 
頬),  ⥯ ⠥ ,  ⨬ ⥭  ࠧ  
ᥡ ७ ७ ᮧ.    ।,  ᮧ 
- ꥪ⨢. ꥪ⨢  ᮢᥬ .   ᮢ襭 
⫨ "᭨" । ᥩ 䨫䨥 ᢥ饭  ࠤ樮 
樮 쭮 ᮧ,   ᮧ 祫 譨, 
ꥪ⨢஢ த⮢      ⮩   ଥ 
ᮡ⢥ 宫᪨ ᢮  ﭨ.  ࠭ ⠪ 
㬥  ᭥ ⢫ த⮢ ᮧ,  ᭥ 
 ७  ஥樨 ᢮ 祫᪮ ⥫쭮.   筮 
⪮ ᮧ ७ ⫨稥 ᢮  ஡,   몥, 
⭮  ࠤ樮 䨫䨨, , ਬ,  ᮧ  , 
騥 " 㣨 ", ࢨ  ⭮襭  ᮧ " " 
(⠬ , . 3, . 29),  祫 த   ⢥ ⥠᪮ 䨫 
"  ";   १ 祫  "祫  稭 ⭮  
ᠬ ᥡ   祫" (⠬ , . 23, . 62.).
 ᥣ ,  ந室  㪠 ॢ稢    
饩 㦨,    ᪫뢠 ,  " 
㣮"  㯮 ᮧ,    樠 ନ, 堭, 
饩 ।⢮ ᮧ. 筮, ⥫쭮  ࠦ ⭮ 
 ꥪ,  ⥫쭮, ௥ 楫  ᯥ᪨ 
८ࠧ.  㦥 ⬥砫,  ।⭠ ଠ ௠ ᢮ ࢨ筮 
ᮤঠ    ᯫ⥭ ॠ ⭮襭   ७樠樨  
। ⥬ ⢨.   ᢮ ⨢ﭨ ᮧ   
 㦥 筠, ⮢ (筠   ࠧ).  ⢥ 䨣 
ᮧ,  ⢥ ᮧ⥫쭮 ᮤঠ ।⭠ ଠ  맢 ⥬, 
 ॠ ⭮襭 ꥪ⨢ 饭   ।묨 
८ࠧﬨ (  ᨬ  ᮧ). ந室: ⠭ ࢠ 
 ᢮ 裡 ।⭮   祫᪮ ⥫쭮  ⠪,  
ࠧ  筮; ᬥ饭 樠쭮 祭  , 䨧᪨ 
᢮⢠ ।⭮ ⥫, ਢ騥  ࠫ樨  祭 (訧 
 ᨬ 樠쭮); ,  , 饥  ந⢥ 
⭮襭   ⥫쭮  饬 ।, 稢 ⠪,  
 騩 । ਢ   ⥫쭮   饭, 祬 
ࠪ᪨ ⠪     ᠬ [58]; 饭,    
ᮧ ꥪ 뢠  ७஢ ⢮   
 ⭮襭 楫,  ॠ쭮 ࠧ  । ( , 
᫥⥫쭮, 㯠  ,  㣮, ᮧ   宫 
⭮  ࠧ ᮧ)  ..
   ᫥   ᮬ ⮢.  ⮫쪮  ⮣   
 "ॠ쭮 - ᮧ",   ᫨⥫ ࠧ 
।⠢ ॠ쭮, ⠢  ஭ ⢨⥫ ன  ⭮襭. 
   ᮧ, ॠ㥬   ᢮ 樠쭮 
⥫쭮.  । ⠪ த ࠧ  "⢥ 
稬, ᫥⥫쭮, ꥪ⨢ ᫨⥫   ந⢥ 
⭮襭  ᪨ । ⢥ ᯮᮡ ந⢠&#8230;" 
(⠬ , . 23, . 86).  ஦ ⨬ ⭮襭ﬨ  ।⢮, ଠ 
ᮡ⢥ ॠ樨    ⥫쭮  .   
 ᮡ ࠪ - "⢥ ᮧ".   ⮣ ᮧ  
⨥  ⥬,  ९१⨢, 稭 [59].  ॠ쭮 
 १  ,   㪠  ८ࠧ ( 
 ), । ᮧ, ।⠢   ⥬   
। ࠧ, ᮤঠ, ᫮, 祭, 뢠    ६  
 ᠬ ᥡ  堭 ८ࠧ.  ࠭ ८ࠧﬨ  
  稭 ( 堭᪮ ᫥ ⢨  ),  䨣 
ᮧ ।  . ।   - 業, 뢮   
८ 㪮, ।⥫쭮 祭  ९樨,   ᥡ  
நᨬ  ⥪.   業 - "ᠬ⥫쭠" ॠ쭮, ਬ, 
訬  筠.  ⢨⥫쭮    ⥠ࠫ 䥪.
 ⮬  ᠬ ᫥,    ਫ  "ࠪ ᪨ ᪠ 
" (⠬ , . 95),    ࠪ "᪨-ᮧ" . ᪨  
ࠦ  뢠.  ⭮   "᪠-ᮧ", ।⠢塞 栬, 
ॠ㥬   ᢮ ⥫쭮.  ᠭ ⢮,   ᠭ  
. த ८ࠧ,  ⭮襭 (㦥  ⨬ த⠬ 
-  ⭮襭 ᮧ, "⭮襭 業",    ⭮襭 
⢨⥫쭮)   몮, ࠦ騬 樠쭮  ᮧ, 
⢨⥫ 樠 ॠ쭮.   㦭 㬥 ஢뢠.  
䠪᪨ ᬠਢ ࠧ ᮧ   樠쭮 
⢨⥫쭮, ⫥  ꥪ, "ᠭ"  .   
⮬ ᫥   樠 ᫮  ᮧ,    
- .     ᢮ ਠ 믮 
"।ﭨ"  ꥪ, ஥ ᠬ ஦ 㦥 ன 樠쭮 堭. 
  ⮣ "।ﭨ"  ॡ 饭  ᪮ த 
ꥪ,  ।饬  ࠧ 樠権  ⮣ ꥪ,   
᪫, 몠     室  ᪮筮 ⥫, 
    ⥭  㪮  १  ꥪ ᮧ 
५ , ࠭ନ   ᮧ .    
⮣   ᭨ ந襤 ८ࠧ  ⥬ ⭮襭. ० 
祬 祫 ᮧ, ਬ, ⮨  ᢥ⢥ ᢮⢮ 
த ⥫ த 㤠, ந諨  ८ࠧ - ⠭, 
ᬥ饭, , 饭  ..,   "ࠡ⠫"  樠쭮 
堭, 饣 ॠ쭮 묨, ।묨 ࠧﬨ.  
⮬,   ந諨, 祫 ᮧ ⮨  ⠪ ᢮⢮.
᫨,  뢠 ,  砥 ⠪ ࠧ   "ꥪ⨢ 
᫨⥫ ", 饥  ᠭ   ⢥ ᮧ (, 
। 祭, ᨬ  ..),     ,   ꥪ 
䨪  ० ᢮ 樠  ᮧ,  ஭   ॠ 
  .  , 묨 祫 ॣ ,     
㦤,    ꥪ⨢  ⨢  ᫠ ᢮ ᮧ⥫ 
㦤  襢  (      ॣ樨 
ᮧ ᢮ ᪮ ).
,   㬠, ࠦ, , ० -  宫᪨ ( 
 㣨 ⥬ - ᪨, 䮫᪨, ᬮ᪨  .)  
⨢権, ଫ騩  樠 ॡ  ,   ஢ 
⮩ ࠪ樨   ⮩    ⮩ ଥ,     ண뢠 
  堭 ⥬ 樠쭮 ⥫쭮.   ᬠਢ 
 ⠫樨, ⫮ த⮢  ᫥. 裡  ᨬ, 
騥    騥 ⢨⥫쭮 "騬",   
 ०, 祬     . , 祬 祢   
, ⥬ 㤭  ,     ᢨ⥫⢮ ⮣, 
 ⮤ "客 ", "।⢥ ஭   
ᮧ", । ᪮ 䨫䨥 , ᯫ.
 ,    ।⠥ ᮧ, ०  ॣ   
ନ ⨢, ᫠, ᮧ⥫쭮    ..,   
ࠧ ⢨⥫쭮  堭 , ᫮ ⫮ ண  
⠭  ᮧ   ⠪ ,   ⠪ 祬-  , 
ந, ꥪ⨢.    㬠 㦤, -  । 
६  ⨭, ஦   뢠  㬠  ⮬ 
ᮯ⠢  㪮,       ( ᫨    
뫮 "᭥ ᫠",  ⨭ - ⥫᪨ ᫮ 㦤, 
७ 㦨 ᥣ ).  ᮯ⠢ 뢠 , 
 ᮢ襭 ᨬ   㪠  믮  । 
  㭪樮 ஫, ᪮ ந ᠬ 樠묨 
⭮襭ﬨ.   ⢥ ⠪   । ⮩稢, 
୮    ᢮    ,  ࠭ 
.  㪠뢠, ਬ,  ⨥ ⢨⥫쭮 த த⮢ 
㤠  ⮢஢ "  ᥨ 魮  ⢥ ࠪ 
㤠" (⠬ , . 23, . 84),  " , 墠祭 ⭮襭ﬨ ⮢୮ 
ந⢠,  ᯥ樠 ᮡ ᫥ -  , ⠪  ᫥ 
㪠  -  騬 ᥮饥 祭,  ⮬  
᢮⢠  -  䨧᪠ ⥫᭠ ଠ - த ⢮, 
ᬮ  ,  㪠 ࠧ    ᭮ " (⠬ . 
ᨢ . - ..).
 ନ ⥮ਨ ᮧ  砥,   "⮥ ᮧ", 
। ᪮ 䨫䨥,    ⠭ 
⢨⥫쭮,  楫  ꥪ⨢ ࠧ ᮧ    
ந  ⢥ ᮧ⥫쭮 ஫㥬 祫 樨 
।. ⢨ । 業஢ ᮧ     室 
- १ । ⥫쭮 ( ⢥  ஭    ⠬䮧), 
 뢠 ⥫ 奬, 㦨  ᢮ ६  
 㦡    ᮧ (० ᥣ 筮). 
। ࠧ ᮧ 뢠 ਠ묨 ⭮⥫쭮  
㣨 (᪠,  ࠧ)  ᮧ  ࠭묨 ᫥.  
ᮢ襭 । 㫨 ਭ樯 ᢮  ( ⮬ ᫥, 
 ᮧ)  .  ⮬ ᫥ ᮧ ⠫, ᫨  ⠪ 
ࠧ, "⨩⢮"  ᨧ     
⥭樠  䥭.
   ᮧ饥 ᮧ, 뢠  ࠬ ࠪ樨 
᥮᪮ ꥪ ( 奬 ⥫ ᠬᮧ  ..),  
ᮧ, 祭  樠 , 饥 ⨢ ॠ  
 ࠧ  㭪樮஢,  ⮬ ᬠਢ ᮣ᭮ ᢮ ஫  
  .    ⪠뢠  ⮩   ࠤ樮 ⭮襭 
"ꥪ - ꥪ", 뢠,  ⭮襭 樠   ।⠢  
ॠ쭮 ⢥    ⭮襭 ᫨ ꥪ  ᫥㥬  
ꥪ  , ᫥⥫쭮, ⨢⠢ "ਠ쭮"  "客"  
⮬        ࠧ  ᬥ , ⥬ 
客-ࠪ᪮ ᢮ 祫 㦠饣 .    
    㯠  , ᪨ न .
***
 ,  ண 㪠, ᮡ⢥,  稫 ᪠  室 樠 
ନ ᮧ  ,   奬  祭 ᭮ 
㯠   ⠪  ᫮  ࠢ  ᬮ७묨 
 ,   뫮   樮஢묨 
ᢥ-᪨ ଠ ᮧ    ᫮ ᪮ 
 ஭  , , 䨫,  , ਮ 
ᠬ⥫쭮,  ९ ᠬ ᯮ ᮢ  ..
 ᥣ 鸞  ᮧ  த  ⢥ ࠡ  
ਬ⥫쭮   த ॢ饭 ᮧ, ।⠢饣 
᭮   ⮭ ᪨ ᮮࠦ,    
饣 ᮢ襭 . ० ᥣ  ,  祫  
䫥騩  ⢫騩 楫ࠢ ⥫쭮   
 宧鶴  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ᪮  -   ⮬ ᫥,  
 易 ᥣ   樠쭮 ᥣ ࠭祭 ᮤঠ  
।⮬ ᮧ⥫쭮 ᫨,   ᫥ 堭 ⮩ ᫨,  ᫥ 
 ⮣,      ⨢, ᠬ⥫ ⮬. 
,  ⠪   騩 ᢮ , ⨢  
 祫. ᨬ ⠪   ( 
ᮡ襣  ॠ쭮   ᠬ⥫쭮 饣 冷  ), 
 뤥 , -  ᨬ   ।⢥, 娩 
᫮襣  ⢥  ᮧ.  뢠 ᫥ 
-ࠧ: "⥭  ।⢥  ॠ쭮 " ᮧ, 
"客-ࠪ᪮ ᢮ ⢨⥫쭮", "᫨⥫  
ࠪ᪮ 室", "뤥 ᮧ".   譥 ᠬ⥫ 
樮権    ⨬ ᮧ ᥣ 뢠   ⮩  
-   ᮬ   裡 ࠦ  ࠦ  
ᮡ ⨯ 㧠쭮. ॢ饭 ᮧ  ࠪਧ  
⮣,   뫮   ᢮ࠧ묨 "ᢥ묨 ࠣ᪨ 
ꥪ⠬ ᫨".
 楫  ⮣ ᮧ ᮮ⢥  ॢ饭 , 
  ᮡ ⨯ 裡 뫠 ⠪   ࠧࠡ⠭ ᮬ   
墠뢠   ᥣ 鸞 ᢥ, ᨬ᪨- 
ࠦ,   ᠬ ࠧ   祫᪮ ᮧ 
 ⥫쭮.     ஢ ஥ ⮩ ; 
।,   ⭮ ( "⠫"  ⨥ ਬ ᯫ  
冷). ⠭  ᮡ த ꥪ ᮧ - ᢥ ꥪ.
 ⠪ ᢥ ࠣ᪨ ꥪ ᫨?   ꥪ,  
।⢥  "⥪㠫쭮"  ,     
⢥ত ᢥ 㣮 ꥪ, 㣠 ।⭮ ᮧ,   
  ࠦ ᯫ⭮  אַ, ᪨ । ᫨.  
頥    㦥   . ਬ,     
"ᯮ⢥ ᫥  ਨ",   ⮬  ⠭ ᢥ ᯮᮡ 
⢥ত 㣮 ।⭮ ᫠ ᪮ ᮧ - ࠧࢠ 
裡   ⢨⥫쭮,  ᨬ  ᮧ ॠ쭮  
ࠦ ᮧ  ᪮짠饩   樮쭮 ஫.  , 
ண த, ।⭮ ᮧ   ⠫ ந室騬  ⢥ 
  ॠ쭮 ⥫쭮, ஦騬      
"।⢥ 몠 ᮧ",  ᬠਢ  ⢥ 
ᥢ樮쭮 ⠪ 諥, ஥     ᢥ  
ࠦ  ᢮ ஢,  室  ⮬  ࠬ    ᫠. 
 樮஢   ᮧ, ஥ ࠦ । 
ꥪ⨢, ⢥ 室 ,     ६ ࠦ ᥡ 
ᠬ⥫, ᠬ⥫  ।뫮  ⭮襭  
⢨⥫쭮.
   ⢨⥫쭮   ꥪ⮬ ᯥ樠쭮 筮 
,   ⠫, ਬ,  ᮢ ⨪ "檮 ",   
ᠬ 樮஢ ᮧ   㯠.  ⮣,   - 
᪫砥  祫 ᭮ ᮧ ᢮ ⢨⥫쭮 , 
ᯮᮡ 㢨  ᮤঠ, ஥    ,   ਧ. 
⮬   ॢ饭,  ᫥ ᢮ ந宦   
  ⮣,   ᠬ⥫  ᠬ⥫,  ⠭ 
⢨⥫쭮 ᮧ  ।⠬ -  ⥬ ।⭮ ᮧ,  
஦ 堭 樠 ⭮襭  ⥬. ,  
ᬠਢ ᮧ  ॠ쭮  樠 ⥬ ⥫쭮, 
᪫祭  ⥫ ᮧ,  ࠧ뢠  饭 "⨭ 
᫠", 类 㦥  ࠪ⨪  饣 de facto -  㡨 
. 筮,   ਧ   -  "⨭",  "ࠧ 
ॠ쭮",  ५ ꥪ⨢ , 襩  ᠬ⥫ 
⭮襭 ᮧ.  ﭭ 뢠 , ᭮ ᨬ  
"窠 " 樮஢ ᢥ ࠧ     
⮬,   ॢ饭 ᮧ, 娩 ஦ ⢥ 
ன⢮, ࠧࠡ뢠 - 㦥 a posteriori  ᯥ樠쭮 - ᪨ 
㯮祭묨 ᯮ饣  ⮬ ன⢥ .   
᫨⥫ ਠ  客 ਧ⮬ ᮡ ᪮ ᫮, 
஥  ᮧ 樠,  ⥬ ᠬ  ᯮ  ⢥  
.  ⮬ ᫥  ਫ  "᪨ ⠢  
ᯮ饣 ", ⫨   "᢮ 客 ந⢠" (.: 
 .,  . Co., . 26, . I, . 280).  ᮢ  
।,  ந⢮ ᢥ  ᪮-ࠣ᪮ 
ᮧ -  樮 ⮢ 客 த⮢ ⢥ ⭮襭 
(  த⮢ ,   ᨬ  ⢨ 樮쭮 筮 ᫨ 
) 譨 ।⢠ "".  ᯮ 樮 楤  
⢥ । 㧭  ᢮  த⮢ , 
⥣㥬묨 ⠪ ࠧ  ⢥ ⥬. ᫨  ।⢠ 
"樮"  㠧 ⢥ (  ᥣ 饭  ᯮᮡ 
㦤 ⮬஢ ),   㣨 ᪨   ।⢠ 
  ।⢠ ᪨, 䮫᪨, ५  .. ⥬. 
᭮ ⭮襭 ⠥ ⥬ .  뢠 䠪᪨ ,  - 
⭮襭  ࢨ묨  묨 ࠧﬨ ᮧ.   ⠫ 
 ⠪ ᢥ     ࠧ, ਪ뢠騬 
᢮ ⥬⨧ﬨ ࢨ ।⭮ ᮧ, ४騬  
। ࠧ  ⥬ 㦥 騬 ᠬ⥫  ᨬ ( 
⮩  奬   ᬮ७ ⭮襭 ,   ஭, 
ꥪ⨢  ,  㣮 ஭, ⥬ 䮫, ५  
..). ⮬    । ᮡ : 1) ⠭ ࢨ 
ࠧ ᮧ   ।⠬,    ⥬ ⭮襭,  㯠 
 ᪨ ⥬⨧ (᫥⥫쭮, ।஢ ᫥); 2) 
 ७ 室 ᠬ 樮஢ 㦤, ࠧ뢠  
 ⮩ ᨬ "᪮" ᫨  ᢮ ⮩ ꥪ⨢ , 
 ।⮢,  ࠧ   堭 樠 
⥬.
 ࠧ, 뢠,  ஭   樮  
뢮  ண  ਭ樯, ⥬᪨    
⥮᪨ ,   祫 ,  㦥   
⥭樮 । ᮧ,  㦥   ""  ⮬ ।,  
㦥 䠪᪨ ⢥ত  ( ਭ    ⭮ 㤠  
祬 襥; ਬ ந宦  稭 ⠡  ࢮ ⢠ 
 묨).    ⠪ ⥬⨧樨  
᪨ ⨬   ,  㦥 ,   ⭮ 
, 祬  㤠.  ⮬-  ⮨  , ⮩ "᪮" 
஫   ࠭稢. , ਬ, ⠪ " ",  ࠦ 
,  "業 㤠", 뤥 祢  ࠪ᪮ 室, ⠭ 
⨥ 㠧 죠୮   뢠  ⥮᪮ 
뢥   ⥬᪨ ਭ樯 ( ⮬ , ᪠, 
ਭ  ᭮ ⠡   ᭮  ⮩   
⥬ 䮫).     ᮤঠ । 砥  
  ⥬,   ⨢, ᠬ⥫쭠 .
 ᮢ襭 ⪮    : "⭮ ⮬  饥 
祭,   ॢ饭 ⮨  業 ࠡ祩 ᨫ   
ࠡ⭮ , ..  ⮨  業 ᠬ 㤠.  ⮩ ଥ 
, 뢠饩 ⨭ ⭮襭  ᮧ饩  ⭮襭 אַ 
⨢,   ࠢ ।⠢  ࠡ祣, ⠪  
⠫,  䨪樨 ⠫᪮ ᯮᮡ ந⢠,  
஦   ᢮,  ᪨ 㢥⪨ 죠୮ 
᪮ " (Map .,  . ., . 23, . 550).⨬ , 
 , ਬ,  뢠,  諥 ᨪ 㠧 
,   ७  痢, -⠪ 㫮  
筮   ⢮  室  ⨯ "業 㤠" (. ⠬ 
, . 547 - 549),     뢠  ୮ ,  
堭 ᮧ, 稭騩 ᮮ⭮襭   ࢨ묨  묨 
ࠧﬨ.  몠  稢 , 몠  稢  
  ࠧ (䮫, ५, ࠣ᪨ 樮権), 
   ⥩, 㦥 - 㥬   ஢ -  
஢ 筮 (䮫᪮, "樮쭮"  ..) ࠧࠡ⪨ ᮤঠ 
ᮧ.   ⮬ ᨬ   .   ࠧ 
ᮧ  ᪠  ⥬ ࢨ.  类 砥,   
뢠.  ⮬  ࠧࠡ⠭ ᮬ ।⭮-।⨢  
ᮧ,      䥪  ⭮襭  ॠ ⢥ 
⥬,  ᯮᮡ  㦥 ࢨ ।⭮⥩, "᫮" 
ᮧ, ⠪  ஢ ⥬   ࠧ,  
᢮ ⥬⨧ﬨ  ᭥ﬨ    ࠧ뢠 㦥   
ᮧ  ᢮⢠  ᮡ ।⮢.
 㪠  奬   ࠧࠫ   ,  
㠧    ⭮襭   ⠫᪮ 
ᯮᮡ ந⢠,  죠  ᪮ ᮧ,  
஭     ਮ५   ⮩稢 ⢮. 
祬    ᢮    ࠦ - 筮 ⭮ 
ᮢ, ७ ᫠ ,  ᪨ 
⢥ ⭮襭  ਠ 㭪樮쭮-᪮ ᮧ.  
 ⢥⢥  ⠪ 室    ,  ⥬ 
    ""    ஧ ᢥ,    
  । ⢥ , ⨯  ᮢ 
⢥ 痢[60].
 砭    㣮   ᭮ ஡ - ஡ ஫ 
ᮧ  筮⭮ (  ⢥-।) ࠧ⨨ , 
⢥ 㯯  ..  ⥬ ਮ⠥ ᮡ 祭,   
  襭 ଠ쭮 㭪樮஢ ⢥-᪨ ⥬ 
  ⠪ ⢥-᪮ 樨 ᮧ,  ன ᭮ 頥 
室  ᫮.   ⮬ ⭮襭 ࠡ .  ⥩訩 
ਠ  ᫥.