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1) Le Capital, par Karl Marx. Traduction de M. J. Roy, entierement revisee par l'auteur. Paris, Lachatre.  -
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 13, . 21, 22  .]. 

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{ 4 .     ,         
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[.  , . 44, . 4]. . .} 

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10
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22)   2 . F. L. A. Ferrier (sous-inspecteur des douanes). Du Grouvernement considere dans 
ses rapports avec le commerce. Paris, 1805,  Charles Ganilh. Des Systemes de l'Economie Politigue, 2eme ed. 
Paris, 1821. 

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Value; chiefly in reference to the writings of Mr. Ricardo and his followers. By the Author of Essays on the Formation 
etc. of Opinions. London, 1825, p. 39). . ,    ,      
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4.      
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26)   2 .          ; 
  : Tagwerk ( Tagwanne) (jurnale  jurnalis, terra jurnalis, jornalis  diurnalis), 
Mannwerk, Mannskraft, Mannsmaad, Mannshauet  . . . Georg Ludwig von Maurer. Einleitung zur Geschichte 
der Mark-, Hof-, u. s. w. Verfassung. Munchen, 1854, S. 129 sq. 

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  (Galiani. Della Moneta, . 221,  III  : Scrittori Classici Italiani di 
Economia Politica. Parte Moderna. Milano, 1803). 

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34) Observations on certain verbal disputes in Political Economy, particularly relating to Value, and to Demand and 
Supply. London, 1821, p. 16. 
35) S. Bailey. A Critical Dissertation on the Nature etc. of Value, p. 165. 
36)  Observations  .     ,       
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        2 .  ,   -
,             
.    ,          
  ,     .   
 :  ,   .      
  ,           . 
   ,        -
         *. 
* 
   . .  (  )  28  1878 .     
  :    ,       -
     ,      .  
    ,        ,  
,   . . 

 .    
  ,   ,  the course of true love never does run smooth48. -
   ,     -
 ,   membra disjecta [ ]49  
  ,     .  -
 ,  ,     ,    -
  ,           
        ,  -
         . 
            
  .         ,    -
.          ,  -
    . ,     , 
. .    ,      ,   
           
    . 
      ,      
 .      ,    , 20  
  2 . .,          , . .   
 .     ?      . 
 ?      .    
   ?    , 2 . ., . .   ,  
       .    -
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 .   ,      , ,  
 ,      ,  -
            .    
,  , :         
,     

 III.  ,    
    .   ,          66). 
             
,         -
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 .     ,  , , -
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 ,            
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  67).            -
,            

68)
,  ,       .  , 
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        -
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   ,      -
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  .    ,      
.          ,    . 
    ,     . ,    
, 
66)         (Dr. Quesnay. Dialogues sur le Commerce et les Travaux des 
Artisans. Physiocrates, ed. Daire, partie I, Paris, 1846, p. 170), ,     ,   -
 50. 
67)           (mercier de la Riviere. L'Ordre 
Naturel et Essentiel des Societies Politiques, Physiocrates, ed. Daire, partie II, p. 554). 
68)   ,    ( , . 543). 

 .    
      ,     . 
 ,   ,       ,   .      
    ,    , 
 ;          , -
        .    (  ),  
       (    ),         (  
), . .          (    ). -
  ,       ,     
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      69). 
  . ,  ,    .     
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 ,       ,        
     .  non olet [ ]51,      -
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,   ,   70). 
  , . . ,      ,    ; ,  -
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 2 . .  .   ,    
69)  ,     ,    ,  -
      . 
70)      ,     ,      , 
      (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 586). 

 III.  ,    
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        . 
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  ,      .    
            
       ,           
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,           . 
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   personae dramatis [ ].      
  ,    ,   ,   -
 . ,    . 
     ,      -
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        . ,    
 

 .    
     ,      
 71). 
        
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  . 
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;      ,       
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       -
71) ,  ...      ,       (Le 
Trosne, . ., . 909). 

 III.  ,    
 .   ,      , -
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     ,    -
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     72).      
 . 
   -  ,  ,    
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72)   2 .       ,        
 ,   vulgaris. 

 .    
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      73). 
73) .     :    . . 7476 [.  -
,  13, . 7981].        . -, 
            
. -,   ,    ; 
  ,         -
 ,    .       -
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    . , ,      differentia specitica [-
 ]   ,      ,     
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   ,   :    . 

 III.  ,    
     ,     -
. 
b)   
 ,       ,     , 
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    .        20  -
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   ,    (currency, cours de la monnaie). 
          . -
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,  ,               
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 .    
   ,      ; ,  -
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     ,   -
74)     ,       ,  ,       -
,              , 
       . 
75)  ()    ,  ,     (Le Trosne, 
. ., . 885). 

 III.  ,    
  .           
  ,    .        -
            . 
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,          
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):  

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 III.  ,    
 ,        ,   -
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  ,       
 ,   XVII     XVIII    ,  -
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    .        
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,          
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 1    2 . .,  100    200 . ., 200  
 400 . .  . .,  ,         , 
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. 
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 , 20  , 1 , 4  .      -
 2 . ., ,     8 . .,  

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     ,  8  .      
       : 1   
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.,      2 . .         , -
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           4     
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: 
   
 =  , 
     
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      ,  ,  -
  ,       ,  -
            .  
  
76)     ()     ...   () 
   .     ,      ,  
    (Le Trosne, . ., . 915, 916). 

 III.  ,    
       , ,   
  ,     .  ,  
 , ,      , , , 
  ,        . 
       ,  ,   
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,           , , -
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            -
 

 .    
 ,     77). 
 ,   ,      
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77)   ...       ,  ,   -  -
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...    , ,    ?..  ...  ,  
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        ?.. 1)  ,       
  ,      ,    , ,   , 
 ,    ,      ,   . 2)  ,  
      ... 3)  ,   ,   
,   -      . ,   -
        ,     ,   -
    .           ,  
     ,    ,   ,      -
   .     ,        -
 (Sir Dudley North. Discourses upon Trade. London, 1691, p. 1115 passim).    
   ,   ,       -
   ,        .  
            
  ,    ,      , -
, ,     regulation of currency [  -
],  ,   ,  . 

 III.  ,    
  ,        
. 
          -
,          ,  -
   ,       -
 ,      .   -
  ,        -
 ,  . 
          -
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,           ,  . 
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         , 
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,         -
      78),     
78)          :   -
         .   ,    -
     ,      -
  ,            ... 
     ,   ,   , -
     ,  ,    ,   
  (  ),   ,      
  (William Petty. A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions. London, 1667, p. 17).   
  .   . .    Political Arithmetic, London, 1774,     
:     , . 112  .       , 

 .    
 :           
         -
  . ,       ,  
     ,    ,  
 ,       79),    
     ,       
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      80). 
. 149 [.  ,  13, . 149],    :    -
     (. )  ,      
 .        . ,     ex officio 
[].    ,      , 
   :         
,   ...  ,         -
,            -
        .      
 ,    ,       (Wealth of Nations, b. IV, ch. 
I).    .      officio   ,    
    ,         -
,     ,    . . 
79)     , , ,       
  ,   ; ,     ,  
  , ,        -
  (Jacob Vanderlint. Money answers all Things. London, 1734, p. 5).    
   Essays       ,        
    . ,       -
,          .  ,   -
,       ,     ,   -
  -       ,     
  ,    ,    ,     
,     .         -
     ,            -
  (. ., . 43, 44).
80)   ,            -
 .   ,       -
            ,    
.          -  , -
      ,     :  
 =   ,   =     =      . 
    :           -
      ,    ,        
       ... ,      -
    ,      ,  ,    

 III.  ,   
) .  
         .   
,    ,    ,  -
        ,  .   
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 ,             
  ,    ,    -
,  ,        -
. 
,            
,           81). , 
,  .           -
:         . ...         -
         (Montesquieu, . ., . III, . 
12, 13).            ,  
   .    , . 140146  . 150  . [.  -
,  13, . 140146, 149  .].  -        -
            -
.  , ,   : Principles of Political Economy   ( 1- 
),          . ,   ,     
      ,       . ,    
     ,        -
 .   -       -
,    ,  ,        
1844 . : Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy.   ,   -
         ,      .  -
      ...       
 ,   (Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest, 1691. Works, 
ed. 1777, vol. II, p. 15). 
81)   ,         ,   
  . .      ,   -
   ,   52 ,    -
     :   ,   ,     
.        .       . 
              .  -
    ,        ,   ? , 
  ;     ,        . 
           .    (Hop    
     II)     ,      -
      ,          -
  ,     (North, . ., . 18). 

 .    
   ,    ,  ,   ,  -
 .  ,     ,  ,  
.        ,     
   - .    
  ,       .   
              
  ,    .   -
            -
    XVIII .    , -
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          -
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             -
 ;          

 III.  ,    
       82). 
        -
.      ,   .    
        , . .   -
.         . -
  ,     ,  ,  
      .   -
          .   
     .  , ce n'est que le premier pas qui coute 
[   ]. 
           -
.      . ,  
  ,  ,       -
 ,   .   , ,   
             
 ,         
 83). 
82)      ,     ,     
    ,     ...    -
          : ,     -
,            ;   
  ,         ,     
   .         ,   
 ,    ,          
,          (David Buchanan. Inquiry into the Taxation 
and Commercial Policy of Great Britain. Edinburgh, 1844, p. 248, 249). 
83)    -      ,   -
          .  -
     1854 .      .    
    ,  . ,     
,       ,            
   (Arbeiten der Kaiserlich Russischen Gesandtschaft zu Peking uber China. Aus dem Russischen 
von Dr. K. Abel und P. A. Mecklenburg. Erster Band. Berlin, 1858, S. 47 sq.).     
            -
      (    ) :   
      (     , a sovereign
    53).   ,       , -
       ,        -
  (House of Lords' Committee 1848, 429). 

 .    
,      , , , 1 . ., 5  
  . .,      .   -
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    .     -
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. . ,     . , , 
       2  ,    
1 ,   1 . .   , , 1/8   
 1/4  .     .      
     .   ,     
,  1 . .,    ,  2  . 

 III.  ,    
    ,   .     
   ,         -
,        . 
     ,    -
   ,   ,      -
,       84). 
, ,          
    ? ,   ,    -
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,  . ,      
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.  ,      ,    -
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       . ,  -
          
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84)   2 .           
  , , ,    :     
 ,    ,       -
,          ,   -
   ,  .   , ,  ,    . 
       ,     -
  ,          ,    
          (Fullarton. Regulation of 
Currencies, 2 ed, London, 1845, p. 21). ,  ,        
   ,       ,    ! 

 .    
    .    -
,  ,   .     
 ,      ,      -
 85).  ,       -
  ,        -
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. 
3.  
,      ,   , -
    ,     ,  .  
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 , . . ,      ,      -
,     ,         
  .   ,  ( )   
   ,       ,     -
 ,   ,    ,     
   ,      -
,     ,      
. 
85)  ,    ,     , . .   -
 ,    ,      to raise money 
[  ], . . , ,  ,     -
,     ,   ,      
  .     ,      ...   
       ,     ...   
     (N. Barbon, . ., . 29, 30, 25). 

 III.  ,    
)   
     ,  -
     ,     ,    
 perpetuum mobile [  ] .  -
  ,   ,  meuble []  immeuble 
[]54,    ,     ,  
        . 
          -
           
,    86).     ,    , 
  ,     .     
       .    
   ,       
 ,        .   
    ,      -
. 
           
 .         -
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       . 
  , ,  ,   . ,  , 
           , -
  ,     ? :    -
  .  1602  1734 .,   ,     150 . . . , 
       87).  1856  1866 ., . .  
 ,       (,   , 
86)      , ...  ,    (Mercier de 
la Riviere, . ., . 573). ,   ,     ( , 
. 486). 
87)             (Vanderlint, . 
., . 95, 96). 

 .    
     -  )  120 . . . , 
      . 
        
  nexus rerum,    88).  -
              
,              -
  .  ,  ,    ,  . 
,   ,      ,   . 
           
.     (  )   (  
   )89).         
         
.          -
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     ,    -
 ,      . 
   !   ,   ,   .    
     (,    , 1503 .). 
      ,     ,    
 :  ,    .    -. -
    ,      
,       .     -
   ,       res sacrosanctae, extra commercium 
hominum [ ,     ]90).  -
 
88)    (John Bellers. Essays about the Poor, Manufactures, Trade, Plantations, and Immorality. 
London, 1699, p. 13). 
89)       ,        -
  , . .  . 
90)  III,   ,     . .   ,  
   . ,           
 .      ,  ,  .   -
 . ,   par excellence [ ],    
  .    ,  ,    
    ,      . 

 III.  ,    
       , ,   ,  -
 ,   91).     ,  , 
      .   -
      .     
  ,          
92).  ,          
  93),        
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91) ! 
, , ...
    ,
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-    ...
,    
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 , 
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. ,  ,
 ...
...  ,
 
(.   ). 
92)       ,
  .  
,    ,
   
  ,
  ,  
,     
(. ). 
93)           (Athenaeus. Deipnosophistarum 
[libri quindecim, 1. VI, 23, v. II, ed. Schweighauser, 1802, p. 397]). 

 .    
     -  -
      .    -
           -
,      .   -
 ,    ,  -
   ,           
   . ,      -
        . , , 
  , , -, 200        , 
 100, 300  ,  200,  . .; , -,    
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  .     . ,   , 
         ,       . 
   ,     . ,   
  , ,   ;  ,   
      94). 
94)       ,     -
    ,        (Verri, . ., 
. 52). 

 III.  ,    
        , -
    .       
 . Soyons riches ou paraissons riches [    -
 ] ()55.  ,   ,      
     ,      ,  -
      ,     
  . 
       .  
         .  
 ,      ,    -
          -
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   .       
      ,     -
  95). 
95)        ,     , -
  ,  ,      ...  ,  
         ,   -
   .   :   ,    -
,    ,      (North, . ., , 
. 3).   ,       - 56, ,   
        .  -
...    ,    ,      , 
    ( . .   Reports on Bankacts 1857,  2084  2101). -
     1864 .         -
  57,  1863 .        19367764  .  -
    1864 ,         
109652917  .           
,   200000000  . 

 .    
b)   
           -
    :      ,     
 .       
        .   
    ,    
       .     
     .      , 
       .   -
     .       , 
      .    
     ,      . 
               
     .   ,  
  ,  ,     .  
          
 .     ,   .  -
   ,   ,      
    .   ,   
.      ,     
,      .    96). 
         . -
          . -
,      ,   
      ,      .   
            
    -
96)           .   
        ,      (Martin Luther. An die Pfarrherrn, wider 
den Wucher zu predigen. Wittemberg, 1540). 

 III.  ,    
97).            . 
, ,          
          -, -
  .         -
,           
.   ,         -
  ,          -
  . 
     .   , 
  ,      .  
 , -,        
.        -
, . .   ,       . -
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. . ,    ,    ,  -
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 .        -
  ,    .     ,  
    - ,  ,   -
    , -,     -
.    ,      . 
, ,    ,     -
 ,         . 
97)           XVIII :  
   ,  ,   ,        -
       (An Essay on Credit and the Bankrupt Act. London, 1707, p. 2). 

 .    
      ,      , 
. .       .   , 
             -
.      ,     
.       98). 
      ,     
,     ,       
.  ,      ,     
   .    : -
    ,  ,      , 
      . .,     -
  .      ,   
   ,      
  .         
   ,         
   . ,       , 
      . 
       
     .  ,    -
       .      
            -
 .   , , virements [ ]  -
 .          ,   ,     
. .,            
.   
98)   2 .      1859 .   ,   
      : ,         -
        ,     
,        ,    .  
 , ,     ,     ,     
     ...           -
 ... ,      ...       
   (   . , 1859, . 119, 120 [. -
 ,  13, . 122]). 

 III.  ,    
 .    ,    ,  
, ,    . 
         . 
   ,      -
 ,   .      
,      ,      -
   ,      ,  
    ,   .  
           -
,    99).    ,   
           -
  .      ,      
,          
    .         -
.      ,     
    .   ,   -
,           
:    .    !      
      .     ,  -
    ,   100).   -
      , ,    
.  
99)   ,          -
   ,      ,     
,    ,       -
 .   ,      ,   
  , , . {   3 .}
100)            -
 ,          -
 ( .    . , 1859, . 126 [.  ,  13, 
. 128]).    ,          -  , 
      ,          , -
    ;         ,    -
 (John Bellers. Proposals tor Raising a College of Industry. London, 1696, p. 3). 

 .    
     .      -
  ,       ,  -
101)
. 
      ,      
  ,  ,        
           
  ,   ,     , -
,   ,           
  ,    . ,     
 2 . .,  ,  ,    .   
      2 . . ,     . 
     2 . .     .   -
    ,    2 . .     -
  . .     ,   ,     
 ,    ,       
,   ,       . -
 ,   ,       
.  ,      -
.   ,       -
     102). 
101)      amis du commerce [ ]:  ( 1839 .) 
    ( )   ,      , 
,     ,    ,    800000 . ., -
    ,     ,          -
 ([H. Roy.] The Theory of the Exchanges. The Bank Charter Act of 1844. London, 1864, p. 81). -
  The Observer  24  1864 . :      -
  ,     ,    ...     -
 ,      ,     
    ,    . 
102)    ,     ,    -
 ,     ,          
    ,        , -
    ...          
 -   ,          
,      ;  ,      
          ,  
       ;   12, 6, 3    1 

 III.  ,    
         , 
     ,   ,  , 
       .   ,   
        .    
     ,       
     ,         -
      103). 
          
          , -
     104). ,   . . -
      .    -
    , , ,   
  
           ,   
       (The Currency Theory Reviewed; in a Letter to the Scottish People. By a 
Banker In England. Edinburgh, 1845, p. 29, 30 passim). 
103)   ,          
,           (,   o) 
      .    1856 .,   
  ,        1000000 . . 
: : 
   ...................302 674 . . 
   ...........................533 596 . . 
   . .     
 ...................................357 715    ................................663 672   
   
 ...................................................9 627     .................22 743   
   ..........68 554   
..................................................28 089    ....................................... 9 427   
  .....................................1 486      .........................1 484   
  ............................... 933   
 .............................................1 000 000 . . ...................................1 000 000 . . 
(Report from the Select Committee on the Bankacts. July 1858, p. LXXI). 
104)      ,      , -
         .   ...    
  ([D. Defoe.] An Essay upon Public Credit, 3 ed. London, 1710, p. 8). 

 .    
     .     -
   XIV,    ,  -
  .,      ,        
 105).   ,     ,    
        ,    -
 ,      -
,          -
 .         -
.   ,   ,     -
    ,      
 .        
  . 
       .    
     ,    -
 ,         .  
     ,     -
 ,   ,   . .  ,   -
         ,  , 
       106).  -
    
105)    .     ,   -
        ,     . 
      (Boisguillebert. Dissertation sur la Nature des Richesses, de 
l'Argent et des Tributs, edit. Daire, Economistes financiers. Paris, 1843, t. I p 413, 419, 417). 
106)    1824 .,   -    1826 .,      
   ,   11          .   
        ,     ,   
     slips of paper [ ].    3    -
    ,    .      .   
 ,    ,    3 . . .,       
,    ,        , , .   
   7 .  .      - 
  ,   ,      ,    
 (John Fullarton. Regulation of Currencies, 2nd. ed. London, 1845, p. 86, ).   
,             ,   
. 

 III.  ,    153 
,    ,     ,  
    ,   *     
107). 
          
 .      ,    -
,      , , ,    -
       . 
)   
     ,     -
         , ,  ,  
           -
.        .   
          . 
          ,  
          -
  in abstracto.       -
. 
      -     
,  ,  .       
    108). 
* 
  , -, ,         -
     ,   . . 
107)  :          40 .,      6 
. ()   ,       ?,    -
  :  : .        ,  -
 ,         ,     
 ,      40 .    40/52 .    -
    ,   ,       ,   
 10 . , ,        -
  1   13 ,    10 .  40/52 .   ,   
51/2 .  ,     51/2 .,     (William Petty. Political 
Anatomy of Ireland 1672, edit. London, 1691, p. 13, 14)58. 
108)      ,     
   ,       . , -
,  ,           
.            . 
 .    , . 136  . [ ,  13, . 137  .]. 
  2 .        1844 .     , 
     ,   ( ), , , 
         .     -
     ()   . {  4 .     -
      .  25     
    151/2 : 1,      22 : 1,     -

 .    
      ,  -
        (universal wealth). 
  , ,      , 
.       109). -
      .          
 .          
, . .    .       
            , -
 , ,    (Diodor, III, 1214),        . 
  ,             
,              , 
         ,  -
,        .     
      .      ,    
  ,   ;       ,  
      .  1000000       1 
 3,   3060  .    ,     
,           ,  40 
 90 , ;         ,     -
 ,  ,   . .   ,      , -
   ,  ,      ,   -
     .       
    ,            -
   .         -
  ,     ,        -
.             -
  ,    ,   . .     -
   ,          
  1:151/2.             
 . . .}
109)   ,         
      ,      ,    
  .         -
     ,    ,     -
    (   , . 150  . [.  ,  13, 
. 149  .]).   :       ,  
    ...         -
,    59     :    
(  )       :    -
        (N. Barbon, . ., . 59). -  

 III.  ,    
         ,  -
        . -
,        ,  
      ,         ,  
            
  110). 
   ,          
    . ,    -
            , 
      110a).     -
  ,       ,    
    ,      ,  money 
of the world [ ]. 
       .   , -
   ,      ,   
     ,     
 ,  
The Literature of Political Economy: a classified catalogue. London, 1845,      
,           ,    
    currency principle60.      
      ,    ;  -  
    (- ),        
 facile princeps argentariorum [  ].
110) ,  ,            
   . .      . 
110a)   2 .   ,       ,  
            -
    -       , 
  ,   ,    ,    
,       27     20  
[ ],     ,      -
   ,         -
          (Fullarton, . ., . 141). 
{ 4 .      ,        1871 
1873 .     30 ,  -    ,     
   . . .} 

 .    
    ,       
   111).       
  ,   ,     
  ,    .   ,    -
         ,   
       112). 
     ,  -
   ,      -
113).  ,       
        ,   
   114). 
111)        ,    
 ...    (Le Trosne, . ., . 916). ,   
  ,    ,       (J. 
Vanderlint, . ., . 40). 
112)              
,    ,           -
 (N. Barbon, . ., . 39).
113)          ,     -
   ,   . 
114)  ,  ,      ,  -
 ...       ,    ;   -
       (John Bellers. Essays about the Poor. London, 1699, p. 
13).   ,      ?         
     ,       ,      
,        ,     ,    (W. 
Petty. Quantulumcunque concerning Money, 1682, p. 39).         , 
    ,     ...      
      ,    ,     
,        ,     ,   
      ,  ...   ; ,   -
 ,        ,      (W. 
Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland, p. 14, 15)61. 

  
    
  
    
1.    
     .   -
        , -
.        XVI    -
. 
        ,  -
  ,      , 
  ,   ,       
.          -
. 
         -
,   ,     1).   -
       ,  ,   -
    .       -
.         , . .   , 
    ,     ,  ,   
     . 
             -
  . 
1)     ,     -
  ,          : Nulle terre 
sans seigneur.  L'argent n'a pas de maitre [   .     ]. 

 .     
         ,    
      ,   .      
  ,    ,      ,   
       ,   . , -
      ,   ,   
       . 
        .    , 
    .  ,   , ,   
   .  ,   ,  ,    -
  .      ,    -
           ,  -
  , ,          -
,         2). ,     
,     ,   .    100 . .  2000 .   
   2000 .   110 . .,       100 . .  
110 . .,   . 
,  ,              
,          ,  -
         ,  100 . 
.  100  .       , 
     100 . .,       -
.   ,       100 . . ,  -
   ,      110 . .,  100 . .,   -
 50 . .,       ,  -
    , , ,      -
    . ,      -
              .   -
    ,     . 
 ,      . 
2)          (Mercier de la Riviere. L'ordre naturel et essentlel 
des societies politigues, p. 543). 

 IV.     
         :   , , 
   , .               
                
   .        
     ,        -
  ,     ,   ,   
   . 
                  ,   -
        .  -
      ,    -
     .  ,    -
    .         -
 ,  , ,  . 
       ,   ,   ,   
 . ,    . -
,              , 
     .  ,       
,           .    
        .  ,   
 3). 
               .   
       .    ,  
   ,     .   -
       .      ,           
 .              
.            
         ,    -
             . 
3)   -    ,    '   
 ;       ,   ,    
 (James Steuart. Works etc., edited by General Sir James Steuart, his son. London, 1805, v. I, p. 274). 

 .     
          ,    -
,    ,  .       -
   .      ,  
   , . .       
  . ,        -
         . 
       ,   ,   -
  ,    .       -
   - ,       
 .       3 . .    3 . .  ,  
   3 . .  .         -
.    .       ,  
     ,     ,     
.     ,       ,  
 . ,             -
    . ,          -
    .        
       ,     
   ,    . 
           ,    -
 ,        . , -
 ,      ,  , 
   . ,         -
    ,   ,     .  -
 ,        . 
             
.    .     .     
  ,    .  ,  
 ,     ,    
.          .  -

 IV.     
   ,   , .  
        .    , -
      ,   -
       ,     -
   .   100 . .  ,   
     100 . ., . .     ,     
,       ,   4).  -
           . -
              
  ,      ,      -
.         ,   
   . , , ,  100 . .,    100+10 
. .,  110  .      -
 :     ',  ' = =  + ., . .     
  .  ,     -
,     (surplus value).  ,  
      ,     -
,     ,  .      
   . 
4)     ,          (Mercier de 
la Riviere, . ., . 486).   ,       , 
 :       ;   ( ?)  
   .             -
 ...       ,     -
    (Th. Corbet. An Inquiry into the Causes and Modes of the Wealth of Individuals; or the Principles 
of Trade and Speculation explained. London, 1841, p. 5).    ,    ,   
,   ,      ,      -
, ,   , ,       ,   ,   
;    -  ,       , ,  -
,       .  ,    -
     ,    ,    (MacCulloch. A 
Dictionary Practical etc. of Commerce. London, 1847, p. 1009).       
:    (     ) , ,   ,    
,  . ,   -         ,  
       ,     (Pinto. Traite 
de la Circulation et du Credit. Amsterdam, 1771, p. 231). 

 .     
, ,          ,   ,    , 
   .      
        .   ,   
  .           
    .   ,    
   ,       ,    , -
   ,   .  ,    -
      . 
,     ,        -
          ,   ,  -
  . ,        
     ,   ,  ,    
    .     ,     + .;  
100 . .  100+10  .      -
, 110 . .     ,   100 . .,   ,   -
  110 . .      ,   100  
.    110 . .    ,      
.      .   ,   
 ,          ,      -
 . ,      ,    
  110 . .  ,   100 . .,      -
     , , ,    
           -
. ,        100 . . -
  10 . .  ,     ,     
  .      ,      
   100 . .,        10  
.     110  .   , 
    ,     ,   -
 100  .  , 

 IV.     
    5). ,    -
,      ,        -
.            
  ,   ,     
,   . ,     -
  ,          
  .      6). 
    ,    .  
 , ,      ,      
.           
 ,        
5) ...       ,  ...    
              (. .   -
     Deutsch-tranzosische Jahrbucher,     -
 . , 1844, . 99 [.  ,  1, . 557]). 
6)    .    .   
   ,    ,    
     .   (. ........ .......)    -
 ;     ,    ,  -
. , ,    ,     -
  ;    , -,    . 
  (. ........    ,      -
,        )       -
,        ,     (  
). ,   ,        -
,       .       
    ........,   ,   ,     -
 ,   ,    . , ,   
 ,        (........ .......... 
... ....... ........).     ,          
(.. ... ..... ......... ... ..... ... ....... .....). -  ,    -
, .  ,       ,    
   ,    ,          
   ,     ,        
,  ,      ,         
  ,     . ,   ,  ...  
       ,      ...   
 ,    ,         
        (Aristoteles. De Republica, edit. Bekker, . I, 
. 8  9,   ). 

 .     
    ,        
  , . .  ,     -
.        -
  7).         
,    8).     ,  -
   9)         , 
          ,   
  .   ,  -
   , 10)   ,  -
   ,          10a). 
     ,     -
    ,        -
  . ,            -
       :   , 
    ,  ,    11). -
       , , ,    
 ,        .  
   ,     
    ,   
7)   (    )      
...     (Th. Chalmers. On Political Economy etc., 2nd edit. Glasgow, 1832, p. 
165, 166). 
8)          ,      (A. Genovesi. 
Lezioni di Economla Civile (1765), ,    , Parte Moderna, t. 
VIII, . 139). 
9)    , auri sacra fames [  ]   -
  (MacCulloch. The Principles of Political Economy. London, 1830, p. 179).   -
,       -  ʰ   ,   
 ,        ,   
  ,       , , ,  
   ,       . 
10) ...... []        .  
, - to save     . 
10a)  ,    ,    ,    
 (Galiani [. ., . 156]). 
11)        ,     (J. . Say. Traite d'E-
conomie Politique, 3eme ed. Paris, 1817, t. II, p. 429). 

 IV.     
 :   ,   12).     -
     ,   ,   -
     ,    ,    
       , .  
,        ,    
,     .    
     ,     .   -
  ,   ,   . 
    ,     ,     
               
,       ,    
       .         
.          -
 .    100 . .,    110 . .  . .   
        ,     .  -
  ,     .  ,    -
   ,    .  ,  
 ,      ,      ,  
    ,   ,        
    . 
           
      ,      
 ,   ,       
 .  .       ,  -
 ,  ,      .     -
       ,      
      ,         
   .  
12)   [currency] (!),    ,   (Macleod. 
The Theory and Practice of Banking. London, 1855, v. I, ch. 1, p. 55).     (James Mill. 
Elements of Political Economy. London, 1821, p. 74). 

 .     
     10 . .  100 . .  -
,      ,    ,     ,  
   ,     : 110  . 
 ,  ,  ,  
,      .     ,    
,      ,         -
      13).   ', ,  ,  money 
which begets money,         , -
. 
,  , , , ,   ,     ', -
    ,        
.      ,       
        . ,  
         ,   
   . ,  ,  ,   
   '    ,      , 
 ,  ,  ,    ',  ,    -
 ,  ,    . 
 ,     '     ,   -
    . 
2.    
  ,       ,  
      , ,    -
.           
   ,   .      
       ? 
 :           , 
   
13) ...     (Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes d'Economie Politigue
, t. I, p. 89). 

 IV.     
 .  ,          ;   -
,           .        
  .         .  
          ,  -
   .   ,        
      ,     :  
    ,      ,       -
       , . .   - -
,    ,  ,  ,  , - ,    
 -  ,  ,     -
.            .    
      .         ,  
       .          -
,      ,     ,    
    ,          
 , , ,     .   : 
  , ,      ,   , ,    
  .   ,      ,     
    -.        ,  
   .           -
       A,     B.  , 
   ,         
:    ,       
    ,  ,   -
. 
      ,       
.        ,    -
             -
 .     ;    -
   ,      . , 

 .     
    ,      -
   .   ,      
 ,   ,     .  
      . ,  ,   
  ,        ,   
            ,  -
: ,  ,        
,       .  ,       -
   ,    ,      ,   
          ,    . -
,      ,    ,  
   14).      . 
,   ,    ,     ,    
,   ,         50   50   . 
          ,   ,   
      ,  ,      -
15). 
     ,        
          16).  
     ,     ,   
  ,    17). 
  , . .    ,   -
      ,   ,  -
    ,   , . .  
  .     , . .      -
 -
14)    ,        (!) (Destutt de Tracy. 
Traite de la Volonte et de see Effets. Paris, 1826, p. 68).        Traite d 
'Economie Politique. 
15) Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 544. 
16)     ,            
   (Mercier de la Riviere, . . . 543). 
17)    ;   ,      (Le 
Trosne, . ., . 906). 

 IV.     
 ,            
,    ,    , ,    ,  
   .        -
  . ,       
,     .      -
    ,     , , ,  
    ,      .    
           ,   -
   ,   . ,   
      ,  ,  -
    ,  .    , 
    ,   ,  ,    
      , ,     -
 , . .     . ,   -
      ,     
    .    :  ,   -
18).        ,    ,  
     19).      
   , ,      -
20)
. 
         
   quid pro quo,     -
 . , ,  : 
,          . , -
         ...     
   ,      
18) Dove e eguaglita, non e lucro (Galiani. Della Moneta, . IV  , Parte Moderna, . 244). 
19)       ,  -   
   :   ,     ,   
   (Le Trosne, . ., . 904). 
20)        ,       
. ,     ,      ,  -
 (Le Trosne,  , . 903). 

 .     
     .     , ,   ,  , 
.  ?          .   -
 ,    ,  ...   ,     , -
    ...         ,  
 ;      ...      
,         ,     -
        ...         
; :             ?21). 
  ,         
,           -
  ,        -
      ,     
22).         -
,     ,      -
, ,   . 
.  , ,     ,       
     ,    ,      -
   (strictly)    23). 
    :     ,    
.        ,   -
,       ,   .      
   ?        ,  -
    (strictly)   ,  , , 
    . 
21) Condillac. Le Commerce et le Gouvernement (1776),  : Melanges d'Economie Politique, Paris, 1847, 
p. 267, 290291,    . 
22)         :  ,  -
,    -  [Le Trosne, . ., . 907].      -
  ,           ,   
,     .  ,        -
    ,       -  -
        . .  Die Grundlagen der Nationalokonomie
. Dritte Auflage, 1858. 
23) S. Ph. Newman. Elements of Political Economy. Andover and New York, 1835, p. 175. 

 IV.     
         , . . -
, , ,       ,    -
.        .    -
       .   -
      .  ,  -
  . 
  ,       -
,   ,         ,   
  .       , 
    ,        -
           -
 .       -
,      :    
    ,    .  , -
      ,  ,   , 
 . 
 ,    -    
   ,  110,    100, . .      
 10%.      ,  10.    
   ,   .     
    ,   ,      10% 
.       10,     -
)
   1024.       ,    
      10%   ,      -
,        .    -
       , , ,     
  .  ,    , ,   
   . 
24)     ...   ...   , 
    ,      ([J. Gray.] The Essential Principles 
of the Wealth of Nations etc.. London, 1797, p. 66). 

 .     
, ,         
.     ,  ,   ,  
.    ,    .     -
  10%,    10%   25).   -
. 
,   ,         
    ,        ,  
,       26). 
   ,         -
,  , ,     : 
       (!)     
          ,    
27). 
           
 . ,       -
 ,       ,   -
     ,  ,  , -
      .      
    ,       -
 ,    ,     . 
,   .    ,  
 ,      .       ,  -
,          , 
          28). 
25)        18    ,   
24 ,          , ,   ,   
 18  ,      24  (Le Trosne, . ., . 897). 
26)        ,      
      ;         -
     ,   ,      -
   ,    (Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 555). 
27) R. Torrens. An Essay on the Production of Wealth. London, 1821, p. 349. 
28) ,    ,  ,  .    
? (G. Ramsay. An Essay on the Distribution of Wealth. Edinburgh, 1836, p. 183). 

 IV.     
   ,     
    ,        
,   ,     , -
    .       , 
   ,     ,     -
.   . ,      , , -
,        ,    , , 
  -   .     -
           29). , 
,         .   
     ,     .   
,          .  
     .           
 .         -
. 
      ,    -
    .  ,      ,  
     ,   . 
      ,     -
   ,              .  
     40 . .      -
  50  .    40 . .  50 . .,    -
          .   
 .     40 . .       50 . .   
 ,     90  .        
   90  . 
29)  -    ,    - ,    
  ,       ?      , 
,    ,  ,      , 
 . . An Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand and the Necessity of Consumption, 
lately advocated by Mr. Malthus etc.. London, 1821, p. 56. 

 .     
         ,    
    . ,        -
,     ,       
.      ,   ,    -
,      10  . ,     
       ,    
,   ,       
 ,        .   -
           30). 
  ,    :   ,    
  ,    ,    
  31). ,  ,    -
32). 
 ,       ,   ,  
       ,  
       ,  ,   
, . .     . 
         ', ,   , -
    .   ,       
 .            -
   ,   ,    -
-
30)   ,   ,   ,  ,    62,  
 .  ,  ,    ,  
    ,    .     ? -,  -
 (Destutt de Tracy, . ., . 239). 
31)            ,   
.   ...      ... ,   
    ,      (J. . Say. Traite d'Economie Politique, 
3eme ed. Paris, 1817, t. II, p. 443, 444).        , , 
,        .      -
     ,      , -
   .   - :      
( , . II, . 441),     (Le Trosne, . ., . 899) :  -
  . 
32)        (F. Wayland. The Elements of Political Economy
. Boston, 1843, p. 169). 

 IV.     
 ,   33);    
          -
      .   
  :   ,   34).  
        -
,     ,  ,  -
         ,   
 . 
,      ,       -
 .      ,  ,   , 
  ,   ,  ,   ,   
  ,   .    
     ' ,       
:   ', ,     ,  , -
          .  
 : 
   :    ,   ;  -
   ,         (  -
    ,    ).  ,   -
 ,            ,   
  .      ,        
.     (....    ).    -
.      ,           -
35). 
     ,   ,  , -
  ,   ,     ,  
        . 
33)         (G. Opdyke. A Treatise on 
Political Economy. New York, 1851, p. 6669).         
    ,        ,   
  , . ,       (. .    -
    Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher,      -
. , 1844, . 95, 96 [.  ,  1, . 553]). 
34) Benjamin Franklin. Works, vol. II, edit. Sparks, in Positions to be examined, concerning National Wealth, p. 
376. 
35) Aristoteles, De Republica, . I, . 10 [. 17]. 

 .     
 ,       ; , 
    ,       ,   
    36).       -
- ;   ?       
.         -
 .    ,    , 
         ,  
   .      -
   ,         ,  
    ,   10  .      
      ,    ,  10    
   11,    ,    .  
    ,    .   -
  ,        
 ,     .       
 ,        .   -
  ,  ,     ,   .   
,          . -
,          
       ,       
. 
,              -
.             . 
 ,  ,  . 
           -
, . .       37).  
36)        .      ,  
        (Ramsay, . ., . 184). 
37)     , ,     :  -
       ,      .   -
       .      -
,       , . .       
,               

 IV.     
 ,        ,  
    ,       -    -
   ,     .    ,  -
 ,              -
.   . Hic Rhodus, hic salta!63 
3.      
  ,     ,   -
   ,          -
  ,      ,      
  ,       -
38).           ,  -
 ,              
. ,     ,    
   ,     ,    ,   -
   .  ,       -
    , . .    .   
           ,  
      , . .  ,  ,  
         
,   ,   
           ,  -
  . , ,         , -
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        ,   . ,   . . 
38)   ...      (Ricardo. Principles of Political Economy, 3 
ed. London, 1821, p. 267). 

 .     
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39)          ,   -
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. -    Romische Geschichte    quid pro quo []  . 
40)        .  ,  
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 ,    (        ,  

 IV.     
  ,   ,       
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              -
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,     ,   (Hegel. Philosophie des Rechts. 
Berlin, 1840, S. 104,  67). 

 .     
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- . 
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 IV.     
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41). 
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41)       ,      -
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. 
42) ,  , ,     ,   , . .   , 
        (Th. Hobbes. Leviathan, in Works, edit. Moleswortn. 
London, 18391844, v. III, p. 76). 

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43).   ,  ,     
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      46). 
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43)  villicus, ,     ,    -
   ,   ,    (Th. Mommsen. Romische Geschichte, 1856, 
S. 810). 
44) . W. Th. Thornton. Overpopulation and its Remedy. London, 1846. 
45)  
46)   ...        
,             -
     ,       ,   -
      (. Torrens. An Essay on the external Corn Trade. London, 
1815, p. 62).        . 

 IV.     
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47) Rossi. Cours d'Economie Politique. Bruxelles, 1843, p. 370, 371. 
48) Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes d'Economie Politique, t. I, p. 113. 

 IV.     
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 49).         
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49)        (An Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature 
of Demand etc., p. 104).         ,   
            
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Systemes d'Economie Politique, 2eme edit. Paris, 1821, t. II, p. 150). 
50) ...    ,  , ,   ,   -
 ,    ...         -
 (Storch. Cours d'Economie Politique. Petersbourg, 1815, t. II, p. 36, 37). 
51)  .      : full priced,     -
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 3/4    (. XXXII  Report   X. .  -
 Grievances complained of by the journeymen bakers etc.. London, 1862).  undersellers   -
    , , , ,       
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 Committee of 1855 on the Adulteration of Bread     Adulterations Detected, 
2nd edit. London, 1861.)        : 1855 .,   
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,    . .,  ( Report, . XLVIII) ,   
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 .     
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            -
,     : No admittance except on business [  
].       ,   ,    , 
   -
      (It is notorious that bread composed of those mixtures, is made expressly 
tor sale in this manner). Bo     (  ) 
           .   -
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Health by The Medical Officer of the Privy Council etc., 1864, p. 264).       
 ( )   1853 .        -
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    ,   ,     -
 ,      ,      , 
 ,          (Trucksystem).  -
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    (   tommy-shop, . .  ,    ); 
              (Children's Employment Commission, 
3rd Report. London, 1864, p. 38,  192). 

 IV.     
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 V.       
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,  
1) ,         ,     ,  
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     (James Steuart. Principles of Political Economy, edit. Dublin, 1770, v. I, p. 
116). 

 .      190
    ,  ,   ,   -
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,          ,  
    ,    (Hegel. Encyklopadie. Erster 
Theil. Die Logik. Berlin,. 1840, S. 382). 
3)     Theorie de l'Economie Politique. Paris, 1815 [t. I, p. 266 ], ,   
,      ,    
 . 
4)  Reflexions sur la Formation et la Distribution des Richesses (1766)     
     . 

 V.       
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. 

 .      192
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 V.       
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8)       ,  matiere,   -
,  materiaux65.     matieres instrumentales66. 

 .      194
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9)               
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,   ,       (R. Torrens. An Easay on the Production 
of Wealth etc., p. 70, 71).     [stock],  ,   , 
    stock   . 

 .      196
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.      

 V.       
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2.    
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10)  ,      ;       
  (Cherbuliez. Richesse ou Pauvrete, edit. Paris, 1841, p. 54).     -
    (approvisionnement),       
    .     ,   ;    -
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  approvisionnement.       ,  -
 , ,         (James 
Mill.Elements of Political Economy etc.. London, 1821, p. 58).      ...  
      (   ),    
(of the labour also).    ,    ,  ,     
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    ,     ( , . 70, 71). 

 .      198
,         . 
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.               
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 V.       
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  ,      . -
,      1 .    1 . 
11)       ,     ,   
,   ,   ,     (Ricardo. The 
Principles of Political Economy 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 16). 

 .      200
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 V.       
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 .      202
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(Mercier de la Riviere, . ., . 599). 

 V.       
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(Martin Luther. An die Plarrherrn, wider den Wucher zu predigen etc.. Wittemberg, 1540 [S. 89]). 

 .      204
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16)            . , 1859, . 14: 
,       (service)   ,  . 
.   .  [.  ,  13, . 23]. 

 V.       
,     ,    . -
,   ,      .   ,  
    ,   conditio sine qua non [ 
],           -
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  1/9        .  -
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 .      206
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.            
,      .  , tout pour e mieux dans 
e meilleur des mondes possibles68. 
   ,      -
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        69. 
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 V.       
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 .      208
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17)      ,   ,   . ,  
  ,     instrumentum vocale [  ]  
  instrumentum semivocale [  ]        
instrumentum mutum [ ].  -       ,   
  ,   .      con amore [ ]   , 
      .       
    ,    ,      
     .    ,   
 ,          ,  
 ,    ,        . . J. . Cairnes. The 
Slave Power. London, 1862, p. 46 sqq.   Sea Board Slave States    : 
   ,            -
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       ,     .   
,       ,     ,   -
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   ,       ;   -
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   . ,        ,   ,   -
       ,          
  [. 46, 47]. 

 V.       
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     :      
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18)      ,  skilled []  unskilled labour
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 , , , ,  ,  . .,  18 . , -
     ,    ,  4650000   ,  
  , , , ,    . .    42/3 
.,       ,    . .,    
 !   bricklayers      .     
  11 . (S. Laing. National Distress etc.. London, 1844 [p. 5152]).  , -
        ,   ,     (James 
Mill   Colony.   Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1831). 
19)       ,      ... -
         ([J. Cazenove,] Outlines of Political Economy. 
London, 1832, p. 22, 23). 

 .      210
  
     
         -
 . 
      ,    -
  ,      ,    
  .   ,      
       ,     
    . ,    , 
  .        -
  ,   .    .   -
? 
         : ,      
   ,   ,       
, ,   ,     ,  ,   , 
  ,  ,   .    -
     .      
            -
  ,        ,      
  ,    , ,    
     .       ,    
 ,   ,        
  . 
      ,    ? -
       .  -

 VI.      
    ,   ,   ,   ,   
,   .      ,     
 ,     ,  , , , 
     ,    ,   
    ,   20).  
    ,   ,     
  .       -
 , ,       
   ,  ,    
  ,    , -
    , . .    , 
       . , -
           
          ,  
   ,    -
   .      
 , , ,        
  ;    ,     -
        . 
        ,    
   , ,         
 . ,          -
,   -        -
 . ,         
    ,     ,   
,        ,    -
   ,  ,       
.  ,     ,    -
 ,    
20)        (An Essay on the Political Economy of Nations. 
London, 1821, p. 13). 

 .      212
      ,    , ,  
,   ,        -
        .    
,       . 
      , 
         -
   .        ,  -
   ,     . 
,  -       6 
  ,     36 .   -
          .   
: 36 .  6 . .   36 .      -
 ,    6 .       
  ,    ,       
  ,   .   ,  ,  36 . 
,     .    6  
            -
,             
  .  ,      
,             
,    ,      .   -
           
,   ,   ,     
        ,   
 ,   . 
, ,       -
, ,         ,  
    ,  .     -
  ,         .   
       -

 VI.      
     ,     ,      
         .   , 
      ,  ,       ,  
     ,   .       ,  -
    ,  -        
 . 
      ,    -
       ,  -
        ,   , 
      ,   , . , -
    ,        , 
  .         ,  
  ,  ,    ,       
  ,    ,    
 ,    ;  ,    
     ,     .   
       ,  
   ;       ,   
  ,  ,         
     . 
,      ,    -
      ,      .  
    ,    1 .  2 .    
6 ,           -
,     . ,      
,     ,  , ,     -
    ,  ,       
       .        
     ,     . 
,          , -
       ,     . ( -
, 

 .      214
      ,   , , 
  ,  ,        .) 
,    ,   .  
          
,          -
      ,    -
    .        
  -  ,  ,    , 
,      .   ,   
            ,  
         
    .      , -
     .       -
      . 
,     ,  ,    , -
     . .      , 
    .     ,  
  . ,      -
  ,         -
 .       . , , 
 ,   . .        ,   -
   ,           -
 ,   .     , . .  ,    
     ,      ,  
.  , ,   . .  -  
  ,    . ,   -
  ,           -
      ,     ,  ,   -
        ,    -
     . ,  

 VI.      
   10    ,        
     10 . ,     -
            -
  .       ,  .  -
     24 .     ,    
  .          
 ,   ,       -
 .      .   ,     
    ,    . -
,           6 
.            1/6  -
       1/6  .  -
     ,     -
 ,         -
. 
    ,        
 ,          -
  .         
     , . .        -
 ,        .     -
  ,      .  
     ,   ,   -
:  ,   ,    ,      . . 
      .    , 
, 1000 . .,      1000 .   1/1000  
         .       
,      ,    . -
 , ,     ,   -
,      ,       -
 .         
     

 .      216
  ,            
     ,      -
 21). 
  ,   , ,     
 ,        . ,  
   115 .    15 .,    ,  
 devil's dust [ ]. ,     15 .  ,  
      ,    15 . ,  
  ,       ,    
 100 .,    .     100 . , -
  15 .     . , -
      .       
 .       ,    -
,         ,    -
    . ,   -
          , -
    ;       -
     ,      -
      . 
21)        , ,   . . ,  , 
    ,    .   ,   ,  -
     .    ,   ,   
    ,      .     
  ,         -,   ,  -
  ,        ,     ,   
,     ,   ,     .    , 
 , ,      . ,      -
   .         
: -     ,     , 
,   , ,    .    ,   
  ...    ,    ;      -
  ,                (Observations on 
certain verbal disputes in Political Economy, particularly relating to Value, and to Demand and Supply. London, 1821, 
p. 54). ,   wiseacre [],          
     ,   ,           ,  
       ,           -
 . 

 VI.      
 ,         
,         -
,       .   , 
      ,     
 ,       ,   , -
    .      
     ,  ,    -
     .        
,  ,   ,  ,    150 . ., 
 500  ,      150 . .   ,  
   .       ,  -
     ,    ,     
 .         ,    
 ,         ,  
        22). 
           -
  ,        .  
       
22)       . . ,      
(, , )   services productifs [ ],   -
  , ,   . .        . 
-  ,          -
 , : . .  (Traite, t. I, ch. 4)   :  -
 ,    ,     ,    
,      (Die Grundlagen der Nationalokonomie, 3. Aufl, 1858, S. 82, 
).  ! ,  ,      , -
   .    -    ,  , -
    ,        ,    
  ,     :  ()      
! [ , . 79].          ,   -
   ,     .     (savant serieux) -
     :         -
,   .   (!),   (!)   (!)  (!)   (!) -
  (!),   (?!)  (?)  (??)   (?):  (?!?)   
 ,   ,  (!!!),   (  [. 82]).    
-   ,    -  
! 

 .      218
.           . -
     ,      -
,    ,         
   ,         ,  -
             
   . ,    -
             
,  ,     ,    , 
     22a).   
,       ,    
  .    , ,    
   23). 

       ,  -
    .      -
24)
,       .  ,   ,    
  -    ,  ,    
,     ,   ,     
  .      -
  
22a)       ...  ,     
     .      ... , ,   . . 
         (Edmund Burke. Thoughts and Details on 
Scarcity, originally presented to the Rt. Hon. W. Pitt in the Month of November 1795, edit. London, 1800, p. 10). 
23)  Times  26  1862 .  ,     800    
   150  -   130   ,    
 ,     .     6000  . 
       ,     , 
:  , ,  ,  ,    , 
, ,   . .       150 . .  ,   
       ,     ,  
        . , 1200 . . 
  ,             , 
   .     ,       1200 . 
.   ,        . 
24)  :        ... 
      (S. Ph. Newman, . ., . 296). 

 VI.      
, ,  ,  .    -
,       25). 
       ,    -
  .           
         ,    
   ,  . ,   -
    ,       
  ,  , ,    -
  3 .         -
 ,       . 
    ,    ,   -
 ,    . ,     
,           
    .      3 . -
   3 .     .   -
 ,     ,    . -
        . 
   ,       ,   -
          . 
 6 ,      ,  , , 12 
. ,         
25)    , ,  , 20 ,  : -
 ,      .    -
  ,      ,   : -
  ,   ,      ,  
 .     ,        -
    ,   ,      -
 (F. Wayland, , ., . 31, 32).       , , , ,  
 ,          .    -
   , ,   ,   .     -
,     ,     ,   . .,   -
,    ,     ,   .     
         ,    -
       . 

 .      220
,       .    
      ,   -
 , . .       . 
   ,        -
  ,       -
       .    -
    ,    ,   -
         -
.  ,   ,     ,  
    ,     
             
 . 
,   ,     , . .   -
,     ,      
  .      , , , 
 . 
,   ,     ,   -
   .         
,  , ,   ,  ,   
 .          -
.       , , ,  -
.     ,       -
     ,      -
,            
 . 
          -
 . ,      6      
      1 .  ,  -
 ,     6 ,      -
   1 .    ,      
   , -

 VI.      
      ,    .  
 ,              
    .          , 
       1 .  6 . :   -
    ,    .    -
:            -
  , . .   ,   ,    ,   
.       ,    -
,     ,        , -
,   .      -
   ,       .  -
  ,     ,      
  , ,      -
 ,   ,         
,         26),  
     ,  ,  -
 ,        . 
         , -
  . .,     ,      ,  
  . , ,      
       ,      
         .  
          ,   
    .        
 ,  ,       . 
       ,     
         ,    
   ,      
26)        ,  ,  ,   -
 ,       (Le Trosne, . ., . 893). 

 .      222
         . 
,       ,  , 
  10   10      -
   ,  1      -
       .     , 
. .     ,  ,   
 ,    ,  .   -
         , 
  ,          -
 , , ,        -
. 

 VII.    
  
   
1.     
        -
,     ,     -
        . 
     :   ,    
,     v,    ;  -
  ,    , v   , -
   . ,   =  + v, , -
   500 . . = 410 . . + 90 . .     -
, =  + v + , , ,
410 . . + 90 . . + 90 . .      ',  500 . .  
 590  .    = ,    90.   
      ,   -
    ,     
         -
,     . 
      .    
   ,    .   
 ,     ,    , -
    

 .      224
 ,           -
.           ,   
    .        . -
,   = 410 . .      312 . .,  -
  44 . .       54  ;   
    1054  .   
        54 . .,  -
        .   
     1000 . .,       
,      . .,           
 ,         26a), 
   ,  ,  1500 . .  1590  . 
,   , -   90  . -
 ,        ,   , 
   ,      
    . 
,  =  + v, ' =  + v +
,       '.  ,     
    . ,     
         ,  
    + v + ,   410 . . + 90 . . + 90 . .,     , 
a v + ,  90 . . + 90 . ., . .  590 . .,  180  .   , -
 ,  = 0,         -
,       -
26a)        ,     -
 ,                -
  (Malthus. Principles of Political Economy, 2nd ed. London, 1836, p. 269). 

 VII.    
   ,   ,   -
,   ,     ,  ,  
 ,          .  
  ,    410 . .,  ,   -
   180 . .,    90 . .  ,  
    ,     ,      
 .      = 0 + v = v,  ',    , = v + 
m, '   - = . ,     = 0,      -
 ,       ,  
 ,   =  + v  K' (
       . 
) =  + v + 0,  = '. -
    ,        
 ,    v,   ,    
, , , v +  = v + .v (v   v).    
  ,    ,   , 
          -
 .     500,    590. ,  -
     ,        -
 ,        , . . 
        ,  ,    
,          -
,           -
. 
       . ,  
   ' = 410 . .   + 90 . .  -
 + 90 . .  .  90 . .  ,  -
, ,         
.  90 . .,  90 . . ,
    ,     .  -
, 

 .      226
    ,     
,      ,    
 .        90 . . -
   ,     ,    -
 ,    .    v 
  v.          -
       . -
      . ,  : 90 . . -
 ,   ,  - ,  
   ,   . 
       .   
     . ,    -
    ,      -
,   , ,   . ., . .    
 ,      . 
,         ,   
        ,    
       .   
      .      
       ,    -
    .      -
,    ,   -
   ,   .   -
,          , 
  ,       . -
         , . .  
 ,  ,     ,  
 ,      ,  . -
-        , . . ,   
   .    

 VII.    
   .  ,       , 
     ,     . 
   ,       ,       
 ,    ,      -
     27). 
,        .  -
 + v v,  + v + -
v + m. = 180 . ., -

 ,      ,   
    = 90 . .  ,    
 = 90 . .  90 . . =      -
  .    , . . ,   -
  , , ,     -
 ,    m/v. ,    
    90/90 = 100%.     , 
    ,     
28). 
  ,          
    , . .     . 
     ,     ,  
      ,    - -
 ,  ,  ,     
   ,      .     , 
    ,         
    , . .     , -
  
27)   2 .   , ,   , nil posse creari de nihilo  
    70.        .   -
,       ,    . 
28)   ,    rate of profits, rate of interest [ ,  -
]  . .   III  ,     ,     
.      ni l'un, ni l'autre [ ,  ]. 

 .      228
   .        
   6   ,      
  6     ,    .      
 ,    , ,   ,    -
, -         ,   
         , -
    ,   .      
  ,         -
,  3 .,      ,    
 28a), . .       
  ,       -
. ,    ,      -
,     ,  ,    
 ,   29).    ,   -
     .      
 ,       . 
   ,  ,        -
  ,      ,   ,   -
    .    ,  -
      .       
  ,          
(surplus labour).          
   ,    ,     -
         , 
  -
28a) {  3 .      . , ,  
  . 137 [. 185  ],      ,  
 . . .}
29)               , -
       .       
     ,       , 
  .      termini technici [ ]    
,            . ., ,    -
 . 

 VII.    
  .   ,      -
   ,  ,   -
 ,  ,   ,    30). 
          , 
          ,  -
 ,   ,     ,   -
 :      ,   
    ,     
m    
= . 
   
           :   
    ,       . 
         -
  ,   30a) 
  ,    = 410 . . + 90 . . + 90 
. .,    = 500  .    -
 = 90,    = 500,      -
 ,     (    ) = 18%, 
 ,         -
m
 .         /K,  
30) -   71   72  ,   -
               
  ,    , , ,    
 , , ...        (. ., . 
82, 78).   ?    ?    -
            , 
   -     ,    -
   ʰ      ,    
    ,    . 
30a)   2 .       ,  -
 ,   ,      . ,  
  = 5     = 5 ,    = 100%.  -
   5 .     = 6     = 6 , -
   100%   ,        20%  
 5  6 . 

 .      230
mm
/c+v, a /v,   90/500,  90/90 = 100%, . .       -
  .           
 ,  , .      (,   
. .), , ,  ,       
m
  90 . .,       /v,      
   
  ,     -
   
  .   100%. ,       
,      . 
,     ,  , :   
        ,  
     .     -
 ,       .  
  ,  ,    ,     
  .          
,    .        
,          
m
    , /v. 
    ,        -
            -
   . 
      10000  ,    
     32    1 .    .  
 6%. ,  10600 .    10000 . 
  600 . .   1871 .    73/4   , . . 10600 . 
  342  .  10000 ,   , -
    ,     1 . .  , -
 10000  .     10%,  1000 . .,  
20 . .  .   

 VII.    
  300 . .,  6 . .  .  (4 .      ,  100 
 ()   60   ,      ) 
 11   ,  8 . 6  ,   41/2 . ..  ;   
1 . .  ,   41/2 . .  ,    -
  10 . .  . ,      378 . .  -
.    52 . .  .    121/4    -
  10000  510 . .; ,  : 510 . .  430 
. . = 80  .     378 . .   
,           .  -
     132 = 52 . . + 80  .  
,    = 80/52 = 15311/13%.    -
  :   = 331/33     = 62/33 31). 
,     80 .       22   
,      11 . .,   1815 .  73, -
  ,        
  ,      : 
   1  
 () 1 . . 9 . ,  1 . .1 . 
 2 . .10 .  1 . .8 . 
  3 . .10 .   
  1 . . 2 . 
 7 . . 9 .  3 . .11 . 
 ,    ,     
 ,     : , , -
  . .       .      
   3 . . 11 .  3 . . 19 .,    
31)   2 .   ,        
1860 .,    .       -
    .   ,       -
   ,      ,   . 

 .      232
 ,  ,    , .  -
    3 . . 10 .,      
3 . . 10 . + 3 . . 11 .
m
 , /v  
3. .11 . ,  100%.         
3. .10 . 
  ,       
  31a). 
2.    
    
    ,   ,      
.      6 ,    
 ,        100%. 
     20 .    30 -
.   8/10    (24 .)    -
     (20 .   20 .,   
. .  4 .),     .  8/10   
        6 .,    
     ,   ,  
      3 . ,  -
  20 .    : 
  30 . = 24 . + 3 . + 3 ,      -
    = 20 . ,       -
    . 
   30 .    20 . ,  8/10  ,   
   24 .,   8/10 , . .  16 . .   131/3 . 
        20 .,  22/3 . 
       , -
  . .,  4 . 
31a)       .      -
,    .   III  ,        
    . 

 VII.    
, 131/13 .    ,    ,  20 . 
,      ,   .    -
  131/3 .    131/3 .,      
62/3 .   ,    62/3 . .  -
 ,      62/3 .          
,    ,    131/3 . .     131/3 . 
          -
         ,    -
. 
    22/3 . ,       
( 4 .),    ,    -
   ,    ,  20 . . 
 8/10 ,  16 . ,   ,    , 
  ,  ,       , 
    ,            -
 , ,       .   
,                 
   .   ,      24 . 
       ,   ,  16 . 
     , ,   . . 
,  2/10 ,  4 . ,     -
,     6 .,      
.           
          16 . .   20 . 
     2/10 .   ,    -
  4 .           , -
  ,         -
    . 
  4 . ,  ,  ,   ,  -
     ,     , 
    , . .  

 .      234
   3 .,   2 .       
3 . 
  12      6 .,   30 . -
   60  .    20 . ,   8/10, 
 16 .,       48  , -
   ,      ,  2/10,  4 
.,   12  ,     . 
  ,       ,   
  ,  ,       -
.   ,        -
          
. 
          , 
  ,    ,   
 ,  ,    , -
   ,    ,  ,  -
 ,   ,     
,   ,      ,   
,             
. 
         -
 .            ,   , 
       . 
   12  20 . ,     l2/3 .,   8 -
 131/3 ., . .  ,    , -
     .       1  36 -
 = 22/3 .       ,    
12  .      1  12    2 . 
 = 3 .    ,    ,   -
  6   . ,   6/5    - 2 
. ,     ,   -
 -

 VII.    
,   .       
  ,   , ,    8 ,  2/3  , 
      . .  ,   ,   -
    ,   ,     
   ,  ,      .    -
    ,   ,  -
     ,    ,    
    . ,  , , ,  
   8     ,  ,  
,   1  36      ,   
1  12           -
 ,   .  , 
 ,  : , -,    , , -
 , ,   . .    ,      , , 
-,             
.   ,  ,        
/6, . . 4-   ,         -
  .            
  -,   ,     -
 ,   . 
3.  ѻ  
    1836 .  . ,    -
    ,       -
,      ,     -
,       .      -
   74       , -
   .      ,  -
  wanted a good deal of finishing [     
].       .  ,   
, 

 .      236
   ,      ,   : 
Letters on the Factory Act, as it affects the cotton manufacture. London, 1837. ,  
,    : 
      ,      18 ,   -
  111/2   , . .  12    5    9   .   
(!) ,           .  -
 100 000 . .: 80000 . .     , 20000 . .      
. ,             15%,  
        115000  ...   23  
 ,   ,  5/115,  1/23,  115000  .   
/23,    115000 . . (constituting the whole 115000 . .), 20/23 . . 100000  
115000,   ; 1/23,  5000 . .  15000 . .,    (!), 
    .  2/23, . .     ,  
   10%. ,         13   111/2, 
,       2600 . .,      
 .   ,        1 ,     ,  
   11/2 ,      32). 
     !      
,        ,  -
 
32) Senior. Letters on the Factory Act etc.. London, 1837, p. 12, 13.      
,    ,   ,     , 
  ,   ,      . ., . .   -
  .     ,     .   
     ,      A Letter to Mr. Senior etc.. London, 
1837 [p. 3042].  ,     1833 .      
   ,    ,   1859 .,    
  .           ,    
,           ,   
   . 
   32.      ,   .   
, ,   :      111/2,  23/2 . -
   ,      111/2,  23/2  (   -
   ).    23/2       115000  
120
; /2    115000 . . . 1/23; /2    115000 . . . 20/23 = 
100000 . ., . .   !  .  3/2  ,  -
 115000 . . . 3/23 =15000, . .  .   3/2   1/2    
115000 . . . 1/23 = 5000 . ., . .       .   
  , . .   ,  115000 . . . 2/23 = 10000 . ., . .  
.      2/23      . 

 VII.    
 ,  ,  , , ,   . .,  -
   .    :  !   -
  10   111/2,        
,   . .   l1/2 . ,     , 
  .        ,  
,     l1/2  .     
             ,   
         ,   , -
        ,   -
       ,    ,    
  ,    , ,  -
  . .,   ,  ,    ,   
 .    , ,     -
 ,  ,    2/2  ,    ,  
     : 
  ,        -
,       ,   .     
     ,     
   ,    . ,    
   ,           -
 . ,   ,  111/2   .  
  111/2     ,   ,   
,       .       
  .   ,   ,     
      ,  , , 
     53/4        53/4 . 
 , ,  ,     ,   -
       ,      -
 111/2  :    53/4  ,  -
   ditto [].      . , 

 .      238
!         ,   -
. Ni plus, ni moins [He    ]. ,       -
    ,  53/4  ?  -
      .   ,    
   ,    .     
53/4  ,   43/4  ,     ,  
 ,  ,   . .,    ,  4/4,  
 ,   .  ,      -
  53/4 ,  ,     ,     53/4 -
 ,       ,   , -
    53/4  ,      -
.    ,  ,       
     ,  ,  ,  
 . .  ,         ,  ,   
,        .    -
  ,   . ,         -
   . .,   1/2 ,     ,   1     
,   1/2 . ,  :  ,      
    ,       , -
 ,   ,       ,    
   ,  111/2  ,    ,  
     .  ,     53/4   
  ,    53/4     ,  , 
  53/4   ,   53/4   .    -
 ,      ,    . , , 
     ,   ,    
,    ,   ,      
   , . . 100%, , ,    .   
  ,        13   
111/2   11/2      ,  

 VII.    
     ,     53/4   71/4 ,   
     100%  1262/23%.     -
,   ,    11/2     100% 
 200%      200%, . .     .   ,  
    , ,       -
,     ,   ,    -
   111/2  101/2       .  .  
       53/4  43/4 ,     
    ,  8214/23%.    -
 ,      ,  75  -
,   all bosh [ ].        -
,          32a). 
32a)   ,         , -
         ,  - -
      76,   ,        18   
   12         ,   -
         ,       -
 .  1848 .      Reports   
 ,  . , -       31  1855 . -
:      (  )  ,   , 
        1850 .     (Reports 
of the Inspectors of Factories for the half year ending 30th April 1855, p. 19, 20).  1848 .,   
   ,   ,      
,   ,      ,  
,  ,  , : , -, ,    
      ,    ,    
  .       1  1848 . :  , 
    - ,        -
  ,          10 ,   
 ,     ,   , ,   ,   
.  ,    ,       
 ,          
   , ,     , 10      , 
  ...    ,     .   -
             ...  
 ,         ,  -
     ,     ,    
               
   ,    ,  ,     ,   
,           -
 ,             ,    

 .      240
     ,   -
.        . Addio!.. [ !]33)  -
 ,    1836 .,    15  1848 .  -
 Economist  ,     ,   
      . 
4.   
   (1/10  20 . ,         2),  
   ,     (surplus 
produce, produit net).        
    ,       ,    -
        ,  
    ,     .   
      ,   
      ,   -
)
  34. 
      10  ,       
   ,          ,    
(Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 31st Oct. 1848, p. 101).        -
     ,   , , , ,   
. .,       ,       -
   ,            -
,  .           
    ,    ,  ,   ,  -
    ,        
     .       . Why  
wherefore [  ]     . 
33)            .  Letters 
on the Factory Act          something more [ ] 
       !  ,   Outline of Political Economy
,       , ,   -
    , ,      -
,      ,   Abstinenz [].   ,   Abstinenz
  . -         Enthaltung [].   
,    ,  ,    ,   -
   Entsagung [].
34)  ,    20000 . .,    2000 . . , -
 ,      100  1000 ,    -
  10000   20000 . .,            2 000 

 VII.    
     ,  ,    
 ,    ,   , -
         (working day). 
 .         ?      , 
   ,  ,     ,     10  12 -
  (Ricardo. The Principles of Political Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 416).    
 ,   ,  ,     , 
        , ,  :    
     ,  ,      , -
   ,    ?      
,   ,       (the mere purpose of breeding men),  
      ? (is a most useless purpose) (Arthur Young. Political Arithmetic 
etc.. London, 1774, p. 47). 
   34.    ...    
     ...    ,     -
,    (Th. Horkins. On Rent of Land etc,. London, 1828, p. 126). 

 .      242
  
  
1.    
   ,         -
.  ,      ,   -
,    . ,     
 ,     ,  6 ,     
   6   ,      ,  
  ,    .    -
      6    ,    -
,  .         . 
,   ____________b  ,  , -
  , , , 6 .   ,   -
    ab  1, 3, 6   . .,   3  : 
  I   II 
________b__c, ______b____c, 
  III 
_______b______c, 
      7, 9  12 .  bc,  -
  ab,    .     = ab + bc,  
,        bc.   ab   ,  
 bc  ab    .    I   1/6,  -

 VIII.   
6
  II  3/6     III  /6.  , ,  
    
   ,   -
    
,     .        
  162/3%, 50%  100%. ,      
     .  , ,   100%,   
    8, 10, 12   . .     ,    
  ,     ,    ,   
 ,      . 
,     ,   . ,    -
   ,      
,        ,  , 
 .      ,      -
 35). 
,  ,     ,   ,  ,  -
 ,       .   -
     . ,   ,   bc,  
  ab,   , = 0,     , 
   ,        -
 .       
       , . .      -
   .       .    
    .     . -
,    .      -
,     24 ,   -
  . ,          8 .  -
     , ,      
       ,  
,   . .       
35)     ;       (An Essay on Trade 
and Commerce; containing Observations on Taxes etc.. London, 1770, p. 73). 

 .      244
      :    
     ,    -
    .     -
      .   ,      
      . , ,  -
    8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 , . .   . 
       .    -
      .  ,  ,  -
         .    
?36)     ,    .  ?  
      ultima Thule*,    -
 .  ,      .  
   .    -    -
 ,   ,    , 
 ,     37).    
 , ,  ,   ,      -
  ,      . ,    -
 ,   ,       
)
  38.         ,   -
 39). 
,      .     , 
   -
36)    ,          
:    ?  ,      ,     
   ,   little shilling men77  . 
* 
 :  ;      :  . (  
 , ,   ,    .) . 
37)     ,       -
   (J. G. Conrcelle-Seneuil. Traite theorique et pratique des entreprises industrielles, 2eme edit. 
Paris, 1857, p. 62). 
38)           .  
        ,   -
 ;               
(An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770, p. 47, 153). 
39)      ,   ,   -
  ,  ,     (N. Linguet. Theorie des Loix Civiles etc.. London, 
1767, t. II, p. 466). 

 VIII.   
       .    -
 ,         [Sturm und Drang]  
. 
,    ,      ,   -
  ,    ,    . -  
  . ,      ,     -
  .         :   -
.     ,   ,  , 
  .        
.     ,        ,   
  ,       .     
     . .,      -
       ,   ,  .  
      . .  , 
 ,  ,     -
        .       
 ,   ,      ,      
,      .  
             
  ,        . ,     -
  ,     .      -
      .   ,    
       ,  30 ,   
1
  ,        , =  1/10950   
365 .30 
.       10      1/10950  
/3650   , . .  1/3   ,  ,  ,   
  2/3   .      -
,   .       . 
,         ,    
 ,   

 .      246
    .     ,   
       ,    
,       ,    .  , 
   - ,       .   -
  ,  ,    ,     
40). 
 ,         ,   -
         ,    
  .     ,   
     ,  ,      -
.   ,       
  ,      ,   
     . ,  -
 ,   ,       -
  .       . -
 ,        -
      ,     , 
. .  ,   , . .  . 
2.    . 
   
    . ,      
  , ,   ,    
 ,     ,   , -
       41),    
-
40)         18601861 .,   
   9 ,    ,      .  
    ,      ,   . -
,   . (    1867 .   ,   !)
41) ,  ...    ...   ...    (Edmund 
Burke, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. London, 1800, p. 2, 3) 

 VIII.   
  ..... ....... [],  , civis romanus [-
 ],  ,  ,  , -
   42).  ,    - -
       ,  -
  ,         
 ,          
   .         
,            
      .  ,  , -
     .    -
43).      .    ,   
       ,    
. .,    ,      
         -
  ,     ,   . . -
    .       -
   -    ,   -
       . 
            , 
  ,          -
   ,      .  -
     ,        . 
      .      
 ,    . 
42)   Romische Geschichte     :  ,  -
,  ,    ,     (!) -
   .    ,     -
    . 
43)           (   -
  ,   ),          
     .           , 
, ,   .   ,     ,   
       (Diodor' von Sicilien historische Bibliothek, Buch 3, cap. 13). 

 .      248
           
      ,    
    ,   . 
,      6     6  -
 .         66, 
 36   .   ,      3   -
    3      .      
.       .     
   , ,    ,      
  30     30     . .     
 .  ,  , ,  -
    ,     -
   .        ,   
  .       , 
   .          -
 .     , ,     -
       .   -
       ,      
 ,         .   -
          
  ,    :      
44). 
          -
  ,     ,  -
 . ,    ,      -
, ,      44a).   
-
44)      ,     78 -
   . 
44a) {  3 .      ,    - .  
XV   ,            
,   ,    ,  .   -
, ,        .    
    .        -
 ,     XVI     , , -
  ,    -     . (Maurer. 
Geschichte der Fronhofe, der Bauernhofe und Hofverfassiing in Deutschland. Bd. IV; Meitzen. Der Boden und die 
landwirtschaftlichen Verhaltnisse des preussischen Staates nach dem Gebietsumfange vor I866; Hanssen. Leibeigenschaft 
in Schleswig-Holstein.) . .} 

 VIII.   
 .         -
,        .    -
      ,    ager publicus 
[ ]    .     -
         ,  -
    ,     .  -
           
    .         
      .    -
 ,   ,   ,      
 , ,     . -
  ,      1831 ., , -
,   .       -
         . 
 Reglement organique79,      ,  -
 ,      ,  
        : 1)  -
     ; 2)       3)   
 .  14   .       
       ,    ,   
   ;      -
  ,           .   Reglement
        ,   12  -
    36   ;         
      .  42  .     -
 Jobagie, . . , 

 .      250
      . -
           
Jobagie    .     -
  14     .  ,  
   56   .     -
,   ,   210 ,     40 
       30  ,  70 .  -
,  140  .        56/84 
 662/3 ,      ,  , -
       . -
      . A Reglement organique   -
 ,    ,   -
  .     12    56,  
     56     ,   
     . ,       -
   ,     ,   -
 ,      .   
          -
,      ,     .    
 . 
    Reglement organique,      ,  
 365   !45). 
 Reglement organique      -
   ,    ,  -
         .   
       , -
     ,   ,  -
    .      -
,      ,   
45)      E. Regnault. Histoire politique et sociale dea Principautes Danubiennes
. Paris, 1855 [p. 304 sq.]. 

 VIII.   
      ,     
  .    ,      ,  
       .   
     ,         
46). 
  (1867)   1850 .   -
   10 ,     5    12 ,  6    6 
 ,      1/2        1   
,    101/2  ,     8 ,  6    2  
,   1/2    .  60  ,  101/2  
   , 71/2     47).   , 
    ,    
   ,      
.  ,  ,      
    . 
     48). 
46)             -
...   ,         
...    ,   ,       
        .   (1789 .)   -
     165 ,  1818 . ( 10 )  157,   21  1832 .  156 .  
            -
 .    1780 .   178 ,  155 .    157 .  
  ,   Bayerische Zeitung  9  1862 ., ,    
 9-      1000  716     : 
317 -    399     ...  1858 .     -
  :   156  (J. v. Liebig. Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur 
und Physiologie. 7. Aufl, 1862, Band I, S. 117, 118). 
47)    1850 .       . 
48)          1845 .      
         : . .     -
. , 1845 [.  ,  2].       
 ,    ,     . ., -
   1845 .;         ,  
             
 (1863 1867),   1820  .       -
,          1862 .,      
.   ,  ,   ,   ,    -

 .      252
,   ,        ,  , 
   ,   6           ,  
   6  .    5      ,   -
,    10       ,   .      
      ,  ,    ,     . 
   : 
 6   .......................................15 
 6   ..............................15 
   .........................10 
  5 : 300  
  ............................20 

60 
 :
 6   .......................................15 
    ........................10 
 40  
 2  ........................15  
  5  40   , ,   50  ,   2   
    ,  27  49). 
      5 ,    21/2    50).  
  ,   ,      ,  ,   12    
1351)
. 
,          -
 ,      , ,     -
    .    ,     -
   .      ,  -
     .       
  18571858 . 
         ,  -
   ,          ; 
 -  .         
  1848 .,    ,          
 ,          .  , -
       ,      -
             -
. 
49) Suggestions etc. by Mr. L. Horner, Inspector of Factories, in Factories Regulation Acts. Ordered by the House 
of Commons to be printed 9 August 1859, p. 4, 5. 
50) Reports of the Insp. of Fact. (or the half year, October 1856, p. 35. 
51) Reports etc. 30th April 1858, p. 9. 

 VIII.   
      ...    ,    -
,   122       , 143 ,   -
   , -      
52). ,   - ,        
   ,  -        ,   -
 (snatched)   1/2  1/2      ,     
  53). 
            
  1861  1865 54). 
         -      
,      ,          ,    
,      (   . .),    .  
       ,     ,   6 -
   6  ,     ,       
 55). 
 ,       , -
      ,     .   
 ,    ,  , ,      ,   
      -  56).   ,   
     
52) Reports etc. 30th April 1858, p. 10. 
53)  , . 25. 
54) Reports etc. for the half year ending 30th April 1861. .   2; Reports etc. 31st October 
1862, p. 7, 52, 53.       1863 . . Reports etc. ending 31st 
October 1863, p. 7. 
55) Reports etc. 31st October 1860, p. 23.   ,     , -
       ,     . 
   1836 .    ()   ,   8   
    .      ,     -
   1215    6     4    ,     
 ,          .       
 30-   shoddy hole,   ,      
        ,   . .,      
     ,    !   -
   ,       -   , 
 ,               
4 ,           !      20 . . 
.    : 
,   , 
 ,    , 
      , 
  ,   !80 
56) Reports etc. 31st October 1856, p. 34. 

 .      254
    (a multiplication of small thefts),    ,    
  ,       57). 
  ,           
,    petty pilferings of minutes,  58), 
snatching a few minutes,  59) ,    , 
nibbling and cribbling at meal times [    ,  
 ]60). 
 ,         -
    . 
   .   -    ,    -
    10    ,        1000 . .  
61).     62). 
     ,    full times [ 
] ,   ,  half times [ ]    
13- ,      6 63).     
,    .      
  Vollzeitler [,   ]  Halbzeitler [-
,   ]. 
3.    
     
         ,   -
   ,   ,    ,  
 ,      -
57) Reports etc. 31st October 1856, p. 35.
58)  , . 48.
59)  .
60)  .
61)  .
62) Reports of the Insp. etc. 30th April 1860, p. 56.
63)        ,     .

 VIII.   
,       64), , -
,       . -
     ,        
   ,         . 
- ,   ,    ,    -
  14  1860 .,      ,     -
,     ,      ...  2, 3, 4   
910-               
10, 11, 12  ,       ,  ,   -
  ,       ,      . 
  ,  -              
... ,  ,      ,    -
 ,   , ,    ...   
 ,        ,      
 18   !..         . 
             ,   
 ,        ,     -
   ?65). 
  (Pottery)     22   
   .      
 - ,   1841 .     -
 ,   -   1860 .,     
   (Public Health, 3rd Report, I, 102113), , ,   -
   1863.  First Report of the Children's Employment Commission  13  
1863 .        1860  1863 .  -
     .  ,   
,      ,   
64)  ,       ,     
          (John Wade. History of the 
Middle and Working Classes, 3rd ed. London, 1835, p. 114).    ,    
 ,  -    ,     
.    ,        : Sir M. 
Eden. The State of the Poor. London, 1797. 
65)  Daily Telegraph  17  1860 . 

 .      256
 ,      ,      
 . .      66). 
 ,  ,  ,    7   10 .   
ran moulds (           
 ).     6       9  
.       9  .  , ,  -
  78 . ,      ! 
. ,  , : 
I run moulds and turn jigger ( [  ]  ).    6 ,   4  
.       6   .      . -
   8  9      .   ,   
  .   3 . 6    (1  5 ).    , 
      .       . ,  
:        ,    ,    , -
  67). 
  - ,      --
    .   ,      
20-         36,6%,   -
  30,4%,        ,    
 2/5           -
. - , ,   , : 
          ,  
. 
    , - -, : 
        ,    25   ,    
            . 
     1860 . - 68). 
66) . . .     . , 1845, . 249251 [.  -
,  2, . 430432]. 
67) Children's Employment Commission. First Report etc., 1863, Appendix, p. 16,19, 18. 
68) Public Health. 3rd Report etc., p. 103, 105. 

 VIII.   
    1863 .   . - . . , -
    , : 
 , ,   , ...     , 
    .   ,       
 .      ;   ,  -
      ,       
.       :  , , 
  .             
 ,   .   ,   ,   -
  ,      .   (degenerescence)  -
     ,         -
       , 
-  ,       ,    
   ,  , : 
       ,    ,     -
,             ,   -
       . 
           
  long hours (  ).    ,  
,        ,      
  ,       ,  
     ,      -
   69). 
          -
)
 70. 
      1833 .,     -
   .  1845 .          -
     , , , , 
, , ;         
,       1845 .     -
,    
69) Children's Employment Commission, 1863, p. 22, 24, XI. 
70)  , . XLVII. 

 .      258
.      13-     18 
.            
 ,         -
   . .     , ,     -
,  ,    71).   , 
     (1863 .), 270   18- , 40 
  10 , 10   8   5  6   .  , -
    1214  15 ,  ,  -
,       ,  .   
,      ,   ,    
 . 
       ,     
 (block printing).        -
     .      ,    
 ,  6   10    ,   . 
.  :   (1862 .)  19  6 ,    
.     ,      . . :      
   ;         . . :  
13 ...      9  ,    10 .     
      ,    . . :    
 7 ,           ,      16 !.. 
    ,   ,     ,         
 ,   . ,      :  (  
 ,    )     , ,  , 101/2-  
   41/2  ,       72). ( 
  ,    -    
71) Children's Employment Commission, 1863, p. LIV. 
72)          ,    .   
 101/2-     ,   , ,  
  .     ,   -
 .    ,          
   ,        ,   , 
       ,     ; ,   -
     ,   ,     ,  -
 . 

 VIII.   
    101/2 ?)  (   )    6   ( -
:     ,   ),    (iterum 
Crispinus81)       ...    (152   
  18   140 )     18     
  7   5   ,   781/2 .  6 ,  2    
(1863 .),      8 ,  84   ! 
 -   - ,    pluralis majestatis*,   
:   .  ,  block printing, : 
   .       -
  :  ,   ,   .  
     - ,      ( ): 
,         6    9  ,  
   (!)  ,         
6    6    (!)  ...       ( -
!).     -      . ,   -
  ,    ,  ,   ,    -
. 
   ,       -
, . . ,      ,    -
 ,       ,  ,  -
 13- ,    18      
12 16        ,     
 :     ,   ,   
  . ., . .     73). 
      (     -
 ,      )    -
 ,     ,    ,    
 ,   .  ,    , -
      ,   . 
.    ,  . 
* 
       ,     . . 
73) Clilldren's Employment Commission, 1863. Evidence, p. 123, 124, 125, 140. LXIV. 

 .      260
  ,    ,    
         (1855 
1856 .)   -  Adulteration detected74).    
  6  1860 . for preventing the adulteration of articles of food and drink 
[      ], ,   
 ,    , ,     -
   ,        -
  to turn an honest penny [  ]75).    
     ,      -
   ,    , -
 .    ,      -
           82  ad oculos 
[]    76). 
          ,   -
   .          ,   
,    -     . . 
    ,  - . . ,    -
   1863 .,     -
.  77)        
 
74) ,      ,    , -
   baker's stuff [ ].
75) ,  ,         -
,      .  1862 .    -
    ,    ,      -
 90 %   ,         
   . Amis du commerce [ ] ,     -
 ,      ,      -
. 
76)             600  -
     10, 20, 30   .  ,   
       ,  .     6  -
,    9,    10,   12,   19,   20,  -
 23,   24,   28,   30,   32  . .      -
   . . Rouard de Card. De la falsification des substances sacramentelles. Paris, 1856. 
77) Report etc. relative to the Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers etc.. London, 1862,  Second 
Report etc.. London, 1863. 

 VIII.   
,  . ,       ,  -
 ,       ,     -
 ,   ,        ,     
,           
   , ,      ,   
  ,        . ,  
    ,      -
     (    1863 .), 
      -  18   
 9    5  .   ,   , 
       ,     -
. 
  -    11  .      
,    ,   1/2  3/4 ,     -
 .      ,      ,  
  ,     ,         -
.       :   ,  ,  
 ,   ,     . .     75  90 [ -
,  2432  ],        ,  .  
,   . . ,   ,    ,   
   ,             
    ,       -   .   
    ,       ,    
       78).     ,   
,     -,     11     
          8   .   
  4, 5, 6,    7         .  
   ,     6 ,   5  4 .    
  ,   10  ,    ,    , 
   ,  8   ,      4  5   . 
  ,     ,      
45      ...     , 
  underselling masters (,     ), 
78)  , First Report etc., p. VI. 

 .      262
  ,    ,  3/4  ;      
 ,          ,      
 ,     .   ... . .  ,     10 -
              79). 
  underselling masters,      ,  -
   (the unpaid labour of the men)    -
80).  full priced baker [,     ]  -
    underselling     -
  . 
    ,         18 -
 ,   12- 81). 
     ,    
 ,          XVIII , . .   
,          -
        82).   -
   ,      -
 ,           
1824 83). 
    ,     -
        ; -
       ,   
   ,    42- .    -
    . ,   
79) First Report etc., p. LXXI.
80) George Read. The History of Baking. London, 1848, p. 16.
81) Report (First) etc. Evidence.  full priced baker , . 108.
82) George Read. The History of Baking. London, 1848.   XVII    XVIII  Factors (-
),    ,    public nuisances [-
  ]. , ,  83      
         ,  ,  , : 
  -         
 ,  ,   (The Case of our English Wool etc.. London, 1685, p. 6, 7). 
83) First Report etc. relative to the Grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers etc.. London, 1862, p. 
VIII. 

 VIII.   
    ,  ,   -
   . 
 18581850 . -       
         .    
    ,   , ,  1860 .   -
  .        
   , , ,   . . 
 , ,  ,      ,   -
    ,   -.     
    .  ,      , , 
      ,  .      -
    ,  ,   
       84). 
          
   , ,   . . 
 ,      ,    -
.   ,    ,     -
,        (    -
 ),          ,   , -
   ...  ,      12   
             -
               
 , ,   . ,   12 ,     
 ,             
,   (are deprived)          ,   
  85). 
     .    ,  , 
 , ,     1314-
    ,      -
  (   ,      )86);      
  
84) Report of Committee on the Baking Trade in Ireland for 1861. 
85)  . 
86)         5  1866 . (. Work-
man's Advocate  13  1866 .).    1865 . -  -
,    ,   .      -
  ,  ,      1867 .    
      910  12 . (  ,  -
   ,       
   1830 .        ,    
  , ,  1872 .   .   ,       
1867 .       ,    II . -
  3 .) 

 .      264
     :   , 
  .      -
   .      . 
     ,  1012      
  8   .     56     
 14, 18  20 ,      ,     
,      4050 .  ,  
,  ,   .       -
 .     ,   ,   
.  respectable British Juryman [  ] 
       ,   manslaughter 
(),    ,       -
 ,        -
          -
    ,     
  87). 
87) Reynolds' Newspaper, 21  1866 .            
      :  , -
   . .         -
 :  ,          -
  .          ,   -
  ,      ?     , 
 :         .     
14  50 .     ,      ...  ,   
  29  15 .        :   15 ;   
15  35 ;   141/2 ;   14  10 ,  88  30   . 
      ,       6  .  
     ,     . : 13 , . . 78   
.         10  30 ?      -
   10 . (    4  1866 .) 

 VIII.   
     , , ,   , 
    , ,  ,       -
,       ,     :   
.       ,   -
   . 

    1863 .       -
  Death from simple overwork (   -
 ).     20-    ,    
   ,     
   .    ,   -
88)  ,        161/2   ,     -
  30   ,       
     ,   .     -
.             
  .       261/2 
   60  ,  30   ,   1/3 -
 ,              -
 ,       89).   -
    
88) . . .     . , 1845, . 253, 254 [ , 
 2, . 433435]. 
89) - ,      ,    :     
 300  ,      500  .     -
 ,     :  : , ,  
   :  ,        
.           ,  .  -
     ,   ,    , - 26 
, ,    (that spring from capital)  , -
    (force economy out of labour;   ,  ,  -
 ).         .       
  ,        ,    -
,            .   -
         ,    - -
,     ,    .      -
 ,        ;       -
    ;     15, 16,    18      ,  
  ,   , ,     ,    -
   .     ,     ,  -
 -   (Dr. Richardson. Work and Overwork, in Social Science Review, 18  
1863 .). 

 .      266
  .      ,    , 
  ,    - ,    . , 
- ,       ,   Coroner's Jury 
[   ]  : 
            
 ,      ,   . 
     , Coroner's Jury      : 
   ,    ,         
    . .. 
  ,     Morning Star,   -
   ,           
  90). 
               ,   -
 ,     ,    ...        -
.   ,      , ,  ,  .  
        ;   ,    ,   ,  
.       , ,   ,   -
    .            ,  
    ,   .  ,        
.  -
90) Morning Star, 23  1863 .  Times      
    . .     ,   Times,     , 
          ,     
 ,            ,    -
  ,   ,           
 (Times, 2  1863 .).   Standard [15  1863 .]       -
  :     ,      , -
            . .   16 
  . ,   , -  ,      1850 . :  
 ...    ,   84.        
  ,    ,   ,      
       ,         , 
     (Macmillan's Magazine. Ilias Americana in nuce.  1863 .).  , 
,      ,      !   .  
   ! 

 VIII.   
 (      )    31  1000 
,   11      . ,  -
   ,    ,     
  .    -     , - -
 ,  -  ,  -   ,  , 
, 50 .     -  ,   -  
,  -  ,            
 .     ,    ,    - 
            37   5091). 
4.    .   
       ,  -
,    ,          
   .     ,  
      ,     
 ,      ,   
  ;    ,  -
      .  -
     ,        -
,          . -
    24        
 .         -
      , ,    ,  
    ,   ,  ,  
 , ,   ,  -
 ,         , 
       . .  ,   ,   
       -
   . .     ,  ,  -
  .  ,  24-  
91) Dr. Richardson, . . 

 .      268
            -
 ,     ,  ,  -
      ,   . 
    24       6  ,   
     24   .     
  ,     .      
  8 (    6)  18 92).      -
      93). 
        94), , -
         -
    . ,     -
,   ,     
      12    .   
,    ,   
92) Children's Employment Commission. Third Report. London, 1864, p. IV, V, VI. 
93)               
    ,   .  ,  ,    -
      . ,       -
    ,    ,     -
    ,      
 ( , 194, . XXVI. . Fourth Report (1865), 61, p. XIII).      . 
94)  ,     ,      
,   ,  ,         -
,   .      (Children's Employment Commission. Fourth 
Report, 63, p. XIII).   ,  ,         
  :       ,     
 .  ,    ,     
 ,        ,   ,  
   , ...   ,       -
             
 .            
.        ,      -
    . - . ,   General Hospital  , 
     85 (1864 .)    , -
       - :        
     , ,     ,  -
 ,         (Children's' Employment Commission. 
4th Report,  284, p. 55). To,        ,   
,           -
. 

 VIII.   
,     ,   (truly 
fearful)95). 
  ,    ,        , -
,   ,   912 ,        
 ,            -
96). 
  ,        ,  , -
     ,            .  
       ,  -  .  -
 ,  -  ,     ,       
.         ,     
,   .    ,     
   ,      , :   ,  
     ,   ,  ,  ,   97). 
   ,       6    51/2  -
,           81/2    ... 
    6 . ,   ,     
 ,           .  ,   10 
,   6    12          9    -
  . ,   13 ,     6    12  
 ,       ,       . -
,   12 ,       6    12    -
  ;       .  ,  :  
    .            . -
     .    5  .   ,     -
 .       6  . ,   !     
      .     ,    -
.        3  ,   ,   ,   ,  
98)
  .        6  ,    6  7    . .
95)  ,  57, . XII. 
96)   (4th Report, 1865),  58, . XII. 
97)  . 
98)  , . XIII.         ,   -
         :  , 12 : ... -
  ,    (4 tours) ...    ,       -
 (A king is him that has all the money and gold).    ; ,   ,   
 . ,       .    . . 
Ҹ,  :     . ,    ,       
  .  ,  :  ,         , -
  ;  ,      ,  ,  :  
 ,   .  ,  :     . 

 .      270
 ,      24- . , , -
    ,       -
   .         . 
   .   ,  ,   600  700 -
,    10%   18- ,     -
  20     : 
     . , ,  8690 [ ; 30 
32  ]...           , ,  
     ,  6    6  .   -
  12   12 .     ,      
 ...   ,           (. -
  ?), , , 
 ,  :     ...  ,    ,  
  ,       ,        .    ,  
,    .        ,       
,     ( was not the same as other people in some ways, because he was religious in 
some ways, and others isn't) ( , 74, . XV).    .   ,   . 
    (The devil is a good person. I don't know where he lives. Christ was a wicked man). 
  (10 )  God []    Dog []      (Children's 
Employment Commission. 5th Report, 1866, p. 55,  278).   ,     
,      .   ,    
  ,   ,   ,   ,  
 .          , -
     12    .  ,    
,      12      18 ,       
5   12       .            24 
    .    6  .   18  ,    24 -
.      ,    ,   -
 ,      1516 .  ,     
 ,         12-  24-  .    
     13 ,   18   .   -
      , 24 ,    . -
  ,         ,  
  24    36   .      -
    ,      14     
          ,  ,   , -
    .   ,      , 
     ,      , 
      (Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report, 1865, p. 
XXXVIII, XXXIX). 

 VIII.   
  ,         ,     ...  20 
  18     ...     (not well do)    
  18- .      .    
    ,      ... , -
         ,    
        99). 
- . ,       .   
 ʰ,    3000   ,      -
       , , ,    -
          .  
  500   18-     170,   1/3, 
 13 .     -  : 
  ,      (very objectionable),     , 
  18- ,   12   .    ,    -
 -    ,          12 
.     ,     ,   13- 
  15- ,  ,      ,    
. ,    ,       ,    
      ;        . -
  ,          . (   , 
   , , ,   ,     -
     .)  ,  ,      
,   ,  ,    ...      
   18  ,     ,       -
. (  !)  ,       ,   -
  (the trade)     (As the trade with due regard to etc. could fairly 
bear!) (  !)   ,        -
  (. . ,   ʰ      ,     
100).
      )
     .   ʰ      
,       ʰ. -   -
      ,     
 ,  
99) Fourth Report etc., 1865,  79, p. XVI.
100)  ,  80, . XVI.

 .      272
  .  -    .    ,    -
          ;    -
   ,           6% -
  18    1%  13 !101). 
- . .       ʰ ,   
         : 
           18 ; -
    ,          -
  .    ,     , , ,     
  ,      ,  ,     
,    (   !), ,    . -   , 
   , , ,    4  5 .    ...   
,     (generally, ,    )    -
,          ,     -
,        ,        -
.  ,   ,         ,   
   .         ,  
 .          
 . 
  ?         ?  -
? 
,   ,    ,   ,  
        ,     ,    
 - .   ,     ,    -
  ,         .  
      . 
 :        
       ,    -
    .       -
  ,       ,  -
)
      102. ,    
101) Fourth Report etc., 1865,  82, p. XVII. 
102)        ,      -
    ,         ,     
. ,    ,     (Hegel. Encyklopadie. Erster Theil. 
Die Logik. Berlin, 1840. S. 249). 

 VIII.   
      ,    -
,      .  ,     , 
   ,   ,     . 
    ,   . . ,     -
   , !..         
.         .  , 
   . ., , , ,   . .   ,  
   .    ,    , 
   , ,   24 ,   12 .   ,   -
            
     ;        -
    ,       
. 
        ,       
 ,             , -
     ,        ,   
  . 
             
 ,         -
 , ,    ? 
 ,   . .     .   ,  , -
   ,    ,     . 
           .    , 
  (  ,    ),    -
,     ,         (  
            -
 ),          (       
103).
      )
103) Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report etc.,1865,  85, p. XVII.     
    ,        
,             , -
 ,    ,     ,   . .    
      ,  ,   
        -  
   ,   :       -
       ,       , 

 .      274
5.     . 
      
  XIV   XVII  
   ?    ,      
  ,     ?   
      ,    -
  ?   ,   ,  :   -
  24  ,      ,    
       .     -
,           ,   , 
   ,   ,        
, ,      .  
 ,    ,   , 
   ,   ,    -
   ,           
)
,      104,      ! 
  ,     ,         -
  (the waste of animal power),      ,  , -
        ,    ,   
    ( , . XLV).       1865 !   , 
   ,     ,  ,     
, ,    ,     6  1520 () 
!     1415 !        -
  ,    .       -
    6 .     ,   
,      , , ,  ,     .  
,         .      
,       ,    ,   -
     ...          , 
    ,     . -   ,   -
  36   ,      2-  ,   
    5   (3 !),       !  , 
       ,   ,   -
       (spell of labour),   ( , . XLIII  XLIV). 
      ,   , -
,  ,           : Britons never, never, shall be 
slaves! [, ,     !]86. 
104)     , ,     -    -
      , ,      ,   

 VIII.   
     ,      -
      ,      
  .   ,   ,    
 .   ,     ,  -
     .         
     ,        
 ,            
 .  ,   ,    -
 ,     ,    
 ,     .  ,   
       ,  ,  
    ,       
  ,     .     -
   .       , -
        .     -
   ,         
     . 
 ,  ,    -
  ,   ,   -
         ,    
       .    -
      105). 
 .        ,     -
.      ,  - ,    -
.       ,     -
   .    ( 1863 .),    , 
     ,    , ,      
 6      15  ,    810 .     , 
            -
-87.  ,   in cute curanda [     ], 
    ,      ,    
 . Obsequium ventris istis () perniciosius est [   ()  ].
105)           ,  
 ...         (Chil-
dren's Employment Commission. 4th Report, 1865,  64, p. XIII). 

 .      276
        ,   
     . 
         ,   
       .  ,  
   ,      
    ,     -
,          ,  -
       , . .   
     ,    ,   -
 ,   ,  ,   -
 . ,  ,      -
    . 
     ,     .  , 
  ,        . 
  -          -
   ,          ,   
         .  , 
        ,   -
     ,     , ,  
     ,  ,      , -
    ,      ,   
  .     ,    
, :      ,      (human 
cattle)         .     -
 ,         ,    
    .  -,      -
  ,     .      ,  -
  ,    ,  ,      
 ,       ,       
               106). 
106) J. . Cairnes, . ., . 110, 111. 

 VIII.   
Mutato nomine de te fabula narratur!88     , -
        ,   -
,   !  ,       
,            
     .  ,   ,  
       .  -
  -    ?  ,  -
  ,     ,   
1785 .   ,       15  20  -

107)
.  1861 .        -
  101302 . 
    90 ...       
     108). 
,         -
    .  , ,  1834 .   -
           
   , ,       -

109)
.   . 
           .    -
     .    ,      
  ,   ,       .    
   ,   ,     ;   , -
         .      -
 .      .   ,   
   ,        
    ,        ... 
1860      ...    . -
        ...      , 
 ,  ,      . 
107) John Ward. The Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent etc.. London, 1843, p. 42.
108)      27  1863 .
109)      .     
 ( ). 

 .      278
 Bury Guardian  ,    - 
      10   ,    -
   3040 .         -
  -    1860 .  , 
    - ,     ,  
             110). 
    ,     -
, . .  
110)  .           
 .          -
  .   - .  ,     ,   
       apprentices (),    -
 (   . . .     . , 
1845),  , ,            
  ,         . -
   ,            -
 .    ,        . 
    - ,     ,    -
     1860 .      
    ,          
 ,          -
  ,         -
,        ,    ,  
       . II,    , 
-  :       (      ) -
  ,     ,     (high priced labour).  -
   13    4 .  ;   ,    50 
 100  ,       ,      
  ,    4 .      (Reports of the Insp. 
of Factories for 30th April 1860, p. 27). -   ,      -
          4 .,         50 
 100 ,   ,       .   
       ,    ,  
     1850 .       . .,  -
    .    -
          .   -
      10        ,     
        ,         
(Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Oct. 1855, p. 103).       -
  1851 .   ,      ,   
   .        :    
,          ,      
 ...      ,     (Reports of Insp. 
of Fact. 31st Oct. 1853, p. 85). 

 VIII.   
          -
,       ,  ,  
 ,  ,      111).  
 ,    ,      -
 ,        , 
       ,    -
        -
        ,      
      ,     
)
   112. ,     -
      ,    -
           -
      ,      -
  .       ,   -  
,   ,          , 
            . Apres moi le 
deluge!89         .  -
         ,    -
    113).    
111)        ;     -
 ,           (England and America. London, 
1833, v. I, p. 55;   . . ).
112) . Public Health. Sixth Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1863.    
 1864 .         .   -
  ,     ,    ,   -
  , -       ,   
    .    ,      
 ,      ,          - 
  (Thornton, . ., . 74, 75).       30000 gallant Highlanders
 [ ],         wynds  closes [  -
] . 
113)         ,  , 
 ,          ...   
      (Times, 5  1861 .).  - 
     ...       ,  
       ,     .  -
     . . (Twenty-second Report of the Registrar General. London, 1861). 

 .      280
  ,  ,     -
:      ,      ()?  
              .  -
        
      114). 
        -
   .        -
 . , ,       
     XIV    XVIII 115).    
       ,   
   . ,     -
,      , ,     
          -
,     ,     -
 ,      ,  ,   -
,     .    ,   
    
114)   , ,    1863 . 26 ,     
,      .   ,      -
  .         -
           . .      
    ,       -  
  ...      ,     ,  
   (Children's Employment Commission. 1st Report, 1863, p. 322). 
  np 114.         .  
             
             -
 .        (1871 .).     ,  
    ,   ,   -
,                
 .  .       -
,              -
   ! 
115)   ,       ,   . .,  -
      1813 .,   ,       -
 . 

 VIII.   
   , . .    -
,           , 
  ,        -
90.  ,     ,     -
          
 XIV   XVII ,       
,     XIX  -    -
    . ,  ,    ,   
     ,   
    12 ,      XVII    
    ,    -
116). 
       (23-   
 III, 1349 .) ( ,        -
     ,    )   91,  
 , ,    ,     -
  (. .  ,        -
 )   117).      
  - ,     -
    .  ,      , 
116)     12-           -
   10    (General Statutes of Massachusetts, . 60,  3). (  
   18361858 .)          , -
, , , ,           
     .  ,     
,   - ,           
10     60         ,   10- , 
                (State of New-
Jersey. An act to limit the hours of labour etc.,  1  2.   18  1851 .). ,  12 
,   15 ,          11   
,   5     71/2   (Revised Statutes of the State of Rhode Island etc., 
. 139,  23, 1  1857 .). 
117) [J. . Byles.] Sophisms of Free Trade, 7th edit. London, 1850, p. 205.   , , : 
 ,           , -
       464 .  .    
    ( , . 206). 

 .      282
   1496 . (  VII).     (artificers)  
          , -
,          5    78  ,   
 ,   ,  1   , 11/2       
, . .     ,      
  118).          
5   -.    1562 .   ,    
  ,     ,   -
  21/2    2  .     
 ,            -
 .         1 .   
      ,   .  , 
       ,    
,      XVII : 
 (labouring men,      )   10   
   20   ,            ;  .   
           11/2 ,     -
   2 ,  11  1 , . .     1/20         
 ,       ,   1/10    119). 
    -  ,   ,    1833 . 
     ? ,    ,  
  ,    apprentices ().    
        XVII ,       
: 
          ,    ;  
  , ,  
118)     .   :   1496. ,     
  1/3    1/2   ,   -
,         ,  ,    
          (J. Wade, . ., . 24, 
25, 577).   ,             
 ,        Chronicon Preciosum etc.. By Bishop Fleetwood. 
1st edit., London, 1707, 2nd edit., London, 1745. 
119) W. Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland, 1672, edit. 1691, . 1092. 

 VIII.   
      ,    . 
, ,   ,        -
  120). 
     XVIII ,    , -
   ,     ,  
  ,   , ,  . 
 ,         
 ,       ,   
     .       -
         ,  -
  . , ,   ,  
        ,     -
  -  -,     Essay on Trade 
and Commerce121). 
120) A Discourse of the Necessity of Encouraging Mechanic Industry. London, 1690, p. 13. ,  
       ,    : 
     ...   XVII   ,  -
    .  ,    , 
   .         -
       exultation ()   ,     
      ,      
12000 . .  .      ,      -
   ,  ,       ...  ,   
,   ,  ,   (History of England v. I p. 417). 
      ,      amis du commerce [ 
] XVII   exultation   ,          -
  4- ,    vertu mise en pratique [,  
 ]      a l    . . ,  -
 ,    ,    ,    
         ,    ,  
 .   ,         ,  
    . -    amis du commerce  
exultation            -
        .       -
  :             .  
 ,  ,   ! 
121)             An 
Essay on Trade and Commerce: containing Observations on Taxes etc.. London, 1770.     
    Considerations on Taxes. London, 1765.        
 ,    .    :  -

 .      284
   : 
             ,  -
    ,   (industrious poor),      5   
   ,     6 .    , 
      -      -
 ,            
   .       ,    -
,          (the perpetual slavery of the working 
people);    all work and no play (,    , ).  -
          ,   
        ?    ?   -
,   ,   ,    ,    , 
 .         ,     , -
         ,             
       ;           -
  ,      ?..         -
   (hard driven animals)?..      4    , 
     5  6 .        ,  
 ,    (degenerate)  ,  .      
 ,     ,   ,   ,   -
  ,    ,    ,     ,  -
  ?       ,     -
          ,    -
 ?  ,        ,     
,         ,    122). 
   Essay on Trade and Commerce   : 
       ,   , 
      (,     ,  : ),  -
   ,     ,   -
...   
  Money answers all Things. London, 1734;   ,  ,  An Enquiry 
into the Causes of the Present High Price of Provisions. London, 1767; -      
     Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce,    Great Britain's Commercial Interest 
explained and improved, 2nd edit. London, 1759.        -
,    . 
122) Postlethwayt.  . First Preliminary Discourse, p. 14. 

 VIII.   
         ,      ,   
   ,       4   ,   
   ... ,       
 ,    5 .          .  -
      5      4 ,    4 ... 
               ,   
 ,   4 ,   ,     -
    ... ,     ,  ,  -
    6      .     6   
,          (labouring poor)123),     
         .    -
,        ...124)       -
 ,  ,  ,        -
 , ,  ( )  -   .    
     , ,  ,   ;    -
   ,        .    -
         (independent of their superiors)...   
    ,  ,  ,  , 7/8    
       ...125)       ,  
             ,   
   4 126). 
  ,      ,      
, ditto [ ]      ,   -
       ,     
  : ,    -
, . . ,      (an ideal workhouse).   
     (house 
123) An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770.    . 96 ,   -
   1770 .    .    (their working 
powers)     (on the stretch);       ,   (they 
cannot live cheaper than they do),    (nor work harder). 
124)         ,      -
     . 
125) An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770, p. 41, 15, 96, 97, 55, 56, 57. 
126) An Essay on Trade and Commerce etc.. London, 1770, p. 69.   1734 .   -
,         -   ,    
      6    . 

 .      286
of terror)127).    ,     ,   -
  14   ,  , ,    ,     
12  128). 
    ideal workhouse,    1770 ! -
   ,  1833 .,        
  12        13  18- , -
,     !  1852 .,   , 
    ,      -
 ,       : ,   
  12 ,    ,      -
!129).      10   12 ;    1862 . 
    13  16-     121/2  12 
;    1860 .    14  16     -
 ditto  12 130).    1770 ,  exultation   -
! 
   ,       1770 ., 
           -
 .   .        -
... 
127)  , . 242243:        ,    
 ,     ,         . 
128)   [. 260]. ,   ,        
 ( , . 78). 
129)     ,   12   ,   , -
   ,   ,      -
 (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st Octob. 1855, p. 80).   5  1850 .  -
  ,           2 
 1848 .,        .       
  .      14, 15   . . Dea 
classes ouvrieres en France, pendant l'annee 1848. Par M. Blanqui. - ,  ,   -
,        . 
130)            -
.    ,    ,    -
   12  1862 :    ,        
 ,   ;          
         ,    -
       ,   
   ! 

 VIII.   
6.     . 
    
  .   
 1833-1864  
      ,      
   ,      ,   -
  131),      -
  XVIII   ,  , -
      .  ,     
,   ,    ,  .      
, -    ,   , 
      1860 .      
  ,      ,      
 132).   . 
   ,   ,    
  ,    ,       -
,  .      ,   -
,   .    1802  1833 .   5   
,    ,          
,      . .133).   . 
 
131) ,     ,          
    12  .    ,      , 
     ,     14  24   .  , 
,     ,    ,        -
   ,      13- ,   -
        ,      
 ...    ,     ,   
       ,   
 ,               
(   Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st December 1841). 
132) . Judgement of Mr. J. H. Otway, Belfast, Hilary Sessions, County Antrim 1860. 
133)     -,  ,   ,  -
      22  1841 .      .   - 
    .        812- , 
    1216   . .,    ,  -
     .          -
     amis du commerce [ ],     ,   
    .   1853 .  - ,   
,     .     -
      ,   -   1848 . 
     ,       
   ! 

 .      288
,    1833 .      (were worked)  , 
        ad libitum [ ]134). 
     1833 .,   , 
,    ,        
 .      ,   -
    1833  1864 ! 
 1833 . ,          51/2 
     81/2  .    15-   
    (. .     13  18 )    
   ,    ,           
  12   ,      . 
 6-  ,          -
       l1/2  .  -
    9- ,   ,    
 ;   913-   8   .  
, . .      81/2    51/2  ,   
    9  18 . 
          -
    ,    ,   ,   
         . 
   ,      ,      
  ,  25  1833 .,    ,    -
         .    
 ,     ,      ,  , 
    ,         -
 93. 
134) Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 30th April 1860, p. 50. 

 VIII.   
       Relaissystem (System of Relays; Relay -
,   -,       ); 
      9  13    , ,  51/2   
 l1/2  ,     11/2    81/2    . . 
   ,         -
   22     , ,    -
,      .  ,   1  1834 .   
  11 ,  1  1835 .     12    1  1836 . 
    13        8 !  -
,      ,    -
,  - ,  . ,  . ,  . , -   . .,  
. .      ,      
  ,  periculum in mora!94. -    : 
       ,    
   ,    ( ) , ,     
   135). 
   ,       -
        13    72-  
  ,    ,    
 ,   -    45   ! 
   ,    , -
  .       ,  
        8       
 .   , - 
  10  ,   ,  11 .      -
 ,  1836 .,     
.        ,    
1835 .      
135) Legislation is equally necessary for the prevention of death, in any form in which it can be prematurely 
inflicted, and certainly this must be viewed as a most cruel mode of inflicting it95. 

 .      290
 13  12 .     pressure from without [ ].  -
  .    13-    -
96     8   ,   1833 .    .  -
     1844 . 
   ,       ,  
 ,        -
  .    1833 .    -
       51/2   81/2.   , 
          
  ,    ,      
       ,       
Relaissystem,          -
,       .    -
    ,       .     
 ,       ,       
.           -
          
       ?    
       .     
  (1844 .)      - 
    Relaissystem136).    
.  ,   1838 .,     
 ,    97    . 
  ,      1833 ., 
       
,           
 .   ,          
  ,       -
  -
136) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1849, p. 6. 

 VIII.   
       .       -
       !       
  98,         
  137). ,       -
,         1833 . , , -
  ,  ,  ,  -
     138)  . 
      7  1844 .      
10  1844 .        ,  : 
  18 .        :   
  12 ,     . . , -
        -
    .    18441845 .   -
: 
       ,        -
   139). 
    13     61/2,      7 
  140). 
    Relaissystem,  ,  -
,   : 
         ,      -
     . 
 , , ,     8  ,     10 ,  -
         ,    .    -
   -  ,    -
 ,      .   -
   ,   ,    -
,     . ,     12  , 
    
137) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848, p. 98.
138)       nefarious practices [ -
] (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1859, p. 7) 
139) Reports etc. for 30th Sept. 1844, p. 15. 
140)       10      ,     -
,    .       . 

 .      292
  .  ,        -
,    .  11/2 ,    ,  -
  ,    ,       ,   
  1       .     
      5     ,   ,  -
. ,             
 ,    -  ,  . . 
 ,    ,   ,   -
  -,  ,      
.          
  .  ,    -
      .   -
    ,        -
     ,      -
   ,   .       -
 18441847 .        -
    ,   . 
           -
.          -
   9  8           
      141). 
18461847 .      .   -
,         ,  -
    ! ,   -
.   ,         
       .       
.    -
141)            ,  
 ,   ,        8  9     -
  (Reports etc. for 30th Sept. 1844, p. 13). 

 VIII.   
          ,   
  ,    ,   . 
    8  1847 . ,   1  1847 .   -
      11    ( 13  18 ) 
   ,   1  1848 .        -
  10 .           
   1833  1844 . 
        -
     1  1848 .    ,    , 
      .    . 
 ,     1846 1847 .    -
  ,        ,   . -
        ,    .  
      ,      
 ,   ,   ,    ,    
  ,     ,        -
142)
. 
        -
     10%.  ,  ,   
   . ,        11 , 
      81/3 %     -
,         10 .  , 
   ,       
)
  25%143. -     
      1847 .     , 
, ,    .      ,  -
       ,       
 
142) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848, p. 16. 
143)  ,   ,  10 .  ,    1 .,    
     10%,     1 . 6 ,    
,    2 . 6 ,  ,   ,      
 (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848, p. 16). 

 .      294
,     .  ,  ,  - ,  
  144).         -
   ,             -
.         99, -
           . 
     .         -
       .  
70%     10-  ,   -
   11-       12- 
145)
. 
     ,      
 1215 ,         -
 .        -
   .   ,  
      10     ,      : 
    ,         -
,         ,       ,   
     :          146). 
    ,      
    1  1848 .     ,   
        ,   -
     .         -
     -
144)  ,      ,   - .       
   ?  ,         .    
    ,      (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st 
October 1848, p. 102). 
145) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848, p. 17.   -     -
 10270     181 .         -
   ,   1848 .       
   . 
146) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848. .      
 69, 70, 71, 72, 92, 93,      .   51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 70  
Appendix.     . .    14,     265 [p. 
37]. 

 VIII.   
,          , ,   
    :    , 
   ,   ,   -
,   ,     !    -
  ,  ,       -
100.  ,     .   -
      ,     , -
,   1833 .,       
.      101  ,       
 ,   ,     ,  
    ,    . 
    ,    1833, 1844  
1847 .      ,     - -
  ,             
18     1833 .    51/2    81/2   -
  ,          -
    ,     -
  . 
      ,   ,    
,            
    .     ,  ,  
   !147) 
      . ,    
: 
        ,      
      ,        ,   -
, ,  9    7  ,        9    1/2   7 
 , ,  ,  11/2    .     -
       ,        .     -
         1/2     148). 
147) Reports etc. for 31st October 1848, p. 133, 134.
148) Reports etc. tor 30th April 1848, p. 47.

 .      296
 ,   ,    -
  1844 .  ,   ,    
             , . .   ! 
        9  ?   , 
      
             
 10  ,  9    7  149). 
           , 
    1844 . , ,  . 
,  1844 .      1     8 
13 ,    12  .      61/2-  
,      12   !   , 
    12  ,    12  1 ,   1 
,  2   4  ,   2 ,   5  81/2  ,  
 31/2 ,   61/2 !   .   -
       ,   81/2  , -
        2  ,      
     81/2  ! 
    ,    ,     -
     10   ,      813-  
  ,      ,      81/2  -

150)
. 
         -
.   : 
     
 .    
,     
 102. 
  ,   ,     26  
1850 .,  15  1850 . 3742   257 ,    , -
  151).   !    , 
149) Reports etc. for 31st October 1848, p. 130. 
150)  , . 142. 
151) Reports etc., for 31st October 1850, p. 5, 6. 

 VIII.   
  1844 .           -
,     30 ,      
  .       -
  -     ,    -
  2    81/2  ! 
,  ;    !152) 103 
      1844 .,    
 ,  , ,         
,       .  ,  
  Relaissystem       
 .      ,    1844 ., 
         -
     ,  
  (comparatively harmless)   ,   ,   12 
.           
(hardship)153). 
      ,    -
    ,     154). -
, ,     ,     ,   
       .     -
      155). ,   -
      , 
152)         ,      .   ,  
            -
, : ,      ,   ()  (The 
labourer is his (the capitalist's) money). To       . ,  
 -,         .   
     .    10 104!  105,  -
-          ,   -
   ,    ,      -

106 
. 
153) Reports etc. for 30th April 1848, p. 28. 
154)               -
 (Reports etc. April 1849, .4). 
155) Reports etc. tor 31st October 1848, p. 138. 

 .      298
    ? (what of that?)         
       ,     (some little trouble) 
    ?156). 
  , ,   .    -
  .          
    ,     5  1848 .  -
  
      ,    ,  Relaissystem  
 ,        10 . 
    .        
      ,     
-.   , , ,    -
     ,    
  proslavery rebels [   ]. 
      ,  , county magistrates157), -
 ?      ,     -
.  .  ,    ,   ʰ, -
      Relaissystem,    
.  ,       . -
      ,  , -
     ,     ,   -
   ,   ,      ,  
,   .   ,    3 , 
       .     ,  -
       .     
,   ,           
158). -
156) Reports etc. for 31st October 1848, p. 140. 
157)  county magistrates, great unpaid [ ],    . , -
   ,      .    
    . 
158) Reports etc. for 30th April 1849, p. 21, 22, .     , . 4, 5. 

 VIII.   
,         159). 
   ,    ,      
 ...   :      ,     -
   ,      ...    . -
  ,     !160) 
  1848 .     ,  
       . 
        ,  10   7  
 ,    ,         ...  
      .   ,    
     ...     ,    ,    
      ,  ,    ,  
    Relaissystem,        10 -
...    1849 .  114        ,      
  .      131/2 ,  6    71/2  ;  
    15 ,  51/2    81/2  161). 
   1848 .      65   29  
,   ,    Relaissystem   
        -

162)
.               
. .,    15    (shifted)     163). -
   , 
   ,      ,  
,           ,       -
             !164). 
159)  1  2    IV, . 39, . 10,     -
   ,           -
,   ,     ,       , 
     . 
160) Reports etc. for 30th. April 1849 [p. 22]. 
161)  , . 5. 
162) Reports etc. for 31st October 1849, p. 6. 
163) Reports etc. for 30th April 1849, p. 21. 
164) Reports etc. for 31st October 1848, p. 95. 

 .      300
      ,   -
 Relaissystem     ,    -
       courtes seances107; ,  -
       .    , 
        ,  
         (what a reasonable 
degree of care and method can accomplish).      12 
15 ,   ,   ,  .  -
        30 ,   
,   ,          , 
       ,  ,  .  -  
,       .     
,              
.         ,   -
      15 ,         -
.         ,  
   ,      .   , -
    ,       12  
15     ,   ,     
      .      -
   ,          
    .    . 
           
   165).  -    ,    -
  !      ,   -
,         10     
  ,         -
 
165) . Reports etc. for 30th April 1849, p. 6,    shifting system [ -
],         Reports etc. for 31st October 1848. .  
   ,        1849 . 

 VIII.   
 ,   ,    -
,  166). 
   , ,      
  ,  ,    , -
   , 8  1850 .  ,     -
    1844 .,       ,  
 .        167). ,       Relaissystem    -
,      168). 
  ,  ,       . 
     ,      -
.            
. ,       , -
 ,    !    
 ,       -
.    : 
         . 
   ,    ,    - . , -
    .       , -
     ,   Relaissystem,      
         . .. 
            . 
        , -
        5  1850 -
.          5    10  101/2 
   71/2   .     6    6 -

169) 
166) . , R. H. Greg. The Factory Question and the Ten Hours Bill, 1837. 
167) . .       (   Neue Rheinische 
Zeitung. Politisch-okonomische Revue,    1850 ., .13 [.  ,  7, . 253]). 
            ,   
        . 
168) Reports etc. for 30th April 1850. 
169)        7    7  . 

 .      302
 11/2-   ,         
     1844 .  . .     
Relaissystem170).       1844 . 
       ,   ,  -
    .    .  1833 .  -
 ,             10 
 ,      (if the liberty of working children of any age for 
10 hours a day were taken away, it would stop their works).       
    13 .    .  
     171), , ,    
   10          , -
        172).  
1844 .        11   61/2   
,         1113   10   
          . 
      : 
    ,         
  173). 
-    ,           
. ,  1850 . ,   1844 .,     -
   ;        
,    1113     10  101/2 . : -
    ,   ,     174). -
    , , , 
170)   (1850 .)  ,        -
            ,   
  (Reports etc. for 30th April 1852, p. 14). 
171) Reports etc. for 30th Sept. 1844, p. 13. 
172)  . 
173) Reports etc. for 31st October 1846, p. 20. 
174) Reports etc. for 31st October 1861, p. 26. 

 VIII.   
       ,     -
   ,     . 175). 
    ,   ,  
    176). 
 1850 .          
51/2    81/2       6    6  -
. ,    ,       1/2 
    21/2     ,     
     61/2 .     -
       -
,     .  .     , 
            -
  15 .  
175) Reports etc. for 31st October 1861, p. 27.      ,   
   ,  .      
 ,    ,    ,   .   
,            ,   -
             -
     .   ,  , -
     1861 : 
  
     - -
, 
  
 
      
  100 000 
 , 
  -
  
 
-100 000 -  
  
14,9 598  644 18,0  
42,6 708  734 34,9   
37,3 547  564 20,4  
41,9 611  603 30,0   
31,0 691  804 26,0  
14,9 588  705 17,2   
36,6 721 -- 665 19,3  -
 
30,4 726  727 13,9   
 305   -
  340   
176) ,         -
 .          -
. 

 .      304
 3  ,         
  177).  1850 . , ,   1853 . -
              
.       1850 .,   , -
         178).  
         179). 
 Printworks' Act (     . .),   1845 ., -
       . ,  -
     ,     !  -
    813    16 ,  6    10  
,       .    
    13       180).  181). 
     ,     -
,      . -
      18531860 .,      
     ,     
.  ,          
  -
177) Reports etc. for 30th April 1853, p. 31. 
178)      ,  1859  1860 .,  -
             -
-  . .    . ,       -
,        ,  ,  , -
:  ,      ,            -
 ( 20 ) ,   ,           ,  
  ,          ... -
       ,           -
     60   ,  6   6 ,     -
  11/2  (Reports etc. for 30th April I860, p. 30). 
179)     ,   , .  -
: Factories Regulation Acts (6  1859 .).   : Leonard Horner. Suggestions for Amending the 
Factory Acts to enable the Inspectors to prevent illegal working, now become very prevalent. 
180)    (1857 .)     8       6  
  9   (Reports etc. tor 31st October 1857, p. 39). 
181) Printworks' Act     ,  ,    ,  -
  (Reports etc. for 31st October 1802, p. 52). 

 VIII.   
    ,       -
     ,    -
182).       -
         
183). , ,        -
     ,     , 
    , ,       -
   ,   .   
    1860 . 
  184)    1850 .  1860 .,  
      1861 .      -
    (1863 .)  ,       -
   (   ),  , -
, ,  ,   (fustian cutting)   
,    finishing ().  1863 .   -
 185)      ,  -
182)  , , .     Times 24  1863 . Times  
      . 
183)  ,  , - . ,    History of Prices .  
  :     ? 
184)   1860 .      ,     1  1861 . -
    12,   1  1862 .   10 , . .  101/2     
71/2   .     1862 .,   .   
  -    -    -
  ...     (   )  -
  ,      12         -
...           .     
    (Reports etc. for 31st October 1862, p. 14, 15). ,   -
   ,    ,   , ,     -
 ,   1860 .,       ,   -
  ,           calenderers
 []  finishers [].  ,    
,       .     
 ,      ,      - 
  ( , . 18). 
185)      -   1860 .     
 ,       .     -
,             -
   ,    .      -

 .      306
  ,  ,  ,       
( 8     6  ),      - 
 18   9    5  .       
  ,       -
  ,   ,    185a). 
7.     . 
    
   
 ,    ,   -
 ,        
       ,  
    90100   [3238  ],     -
 .     cooling (),    
       .   15 ,  80 90 [2732  -
]  , 100 [38  ]     .     -
 (  . .)           ,   -
  .    ,        
,   .       .   ,  
  9  12      (Reports etc. for 31st October 1862, p. 56).   -
:     ,         
   ,      ...     
    ,         -
  (       ,   ,  -
). ,    , : , ,  ,   
    .       ,   ,  -
          ,    
 x           ( , . 56, 57).  
     1863 .,     -
     :            
,      ...   ,       
    ,         8  ,     -
       ,     -
      ( , . 52).      -
      .        ,    
         14   ,     ,     
  ,  ,       ,       
  ,       (Reports etc. (or 30th 
April 1863, p. 40). 
185a) (  2 .)  1866 .,     ,   . 

 VIII.   
    .  ,     ,   
   ,   , ,  -
        . ,   -
     ,   ,  -
,         ,     
       ,      -
   . ,   ,      
       : 
-.   ,    -
 ,   ,       -
,  , , ,    ,  
          
  .      -
     186)   
   ,         
,         , -
      .      XIX 
        187).           -
, ,          -
   ,          
 , , ,  ,    
. .,   , , , , , ,    -
   , , ,    . .188),    
    
186)       (  )    -
 ,      (Reports etc. for 31st October 1848, p. 113). 
187)  ,   ,      ,  -
     .      ,      
    :           
(Reports etc. for 31st October 1864, p. 8). 
188)            -
       . 

 .      308
 ,   .    -
          ,   -
  ,   ,     (factory)  
,   189). 
-.          
         ,  -
 ,       ,   
           
  .      -
 ,         -
   .        -
,        ,  190).          ,   
   ,   ,       
 191).       
     ,       
     ,   -
    192). 
189)    (1864 .) ...   ,   -
  ;          - , 
   ,    ,       -
黻 (Reports etc. tor 31st October 1864, p. 8). 
190) ,   ,      .    
                
     .    ,     , -
 733 , 88 , 135   44   16 ;     . .  -
   668 , 149 , 98   85   16 .    
           ,   -
 2 . 8     , 1 . 8     1 . 21/2   . 
   1863 .    1850 .        , -
  . . 
191)                
   ,           
-,      ,    ,    
            -
 .        ,     
     ,      . 
192) Ure ( ): Philosophie des Manufactures. Paris, 1836, t. II, p. 39, 40, 67, 77 etc. 

 VIII.   
    .     , 
     193),   -
,    .   ,    
    .        
         ,    -
       ,       
          194). 
  ,       ,    
   ,           
      195). 
         -
 ,     .     
 ,        .     
    .        
  ,     -
   , 
193)       , 1855 .   : 
 ,          12 
,         ( )    
     5    9  .    
 ,      ,      
     ,     .      -
  ,          12 ,     
    .  ,    ?   -
            
          . 
194) , ,                 -
        ,      -
    finisher []   . ( -   Reports etc. for 
31st October 1861, p. 20.)         , 
-  ;  ,        ,  -
    .         . 
195) ,   , , :   (  -
   )       ...  
,        ,      -
    ,        (Reports etc. for 31st October 1862, p. 
54). 

 .      310
    .     108 ( 1866 .) 
: 
    ,        -
 ,   ,       -
      .          -
   196). 
 (  1866 .)    -
  ,     , : 
 ,        
      ,    ...  
       8 109. 
 ,  ,      -
     ,    
  . . : 
              -
  ,             -
    197). 
 ,        ,  
  .           
 , . .    . ,    -
    ,  ,    ,   -
   .     ,     
  ,  ,  .      , 
 ,      198),  -
196) ,  , ,    ,   -
 ,           , ,  , -
    ,     (a condition of servitude but little better 
than slavery).   ,             
 ;      ,   ...  ,    
 ,         (   , 
 -, 1866 .). 
197) Reports etc. tor 31st October 1848, p. 112. 
198)   ( , ,  18481850 .) ,  ,  -
     ,      -

 VIII.   
       ,         
,         199).      
 110,    ,  ,   -
 ,   ,       -
            200).         Magna 
Charta111    , , ,  , -
  ,   ,    ,  -
  201). Quantum mutatus ab illo!112 
     ,      -
, . .        (Reports etc. for 30th April 1850, p. 45).  
,      ,            
 (Reports etc. tor 31st October 1864, p. 34). ... ,     , ... -
  14            . . (Reports etc. for 30th April 1863, p. 40). 
199)  .       ( Neue Rheinische Zeitung,  
  1850 ., . 5 [.    7, . 246]). 
200)            -
         (Reports etc. for 31st October 1859, p. 47).  
( )          ,  -
       ,         ( , 
. 8). 
201)      , , ,       
  .   ,    ,   ,    
  , .    ,         -
   ( , . 52).      ,  (-
 )    ,        ( 
, . 47).             
,               -
 ,             -
.         ,   ,       
  ,   ( , . 48). 

 .      312
  
     
  ,   ,  ,    ,  
   ,        -
,    , . 
            , 
       . -
, ,    6   ,      -
 3 .,  1 ,  1       -
 ,   ,      . 
,     = 100%,      1  
     1 ,     -
    6 . 
          
,    . ,   
     ,     -
 .         -
     .  ,   
    = 1 ,      100 -
,   100  ,   n ,   -
 n  . 
  ,     1 ,     -
,      1 ,     100 
      100,    n   -
    1  . . 

 IX.      
,       , 
    ,     -
. , ,     ,   , 
        ,   
    :      
   ,     
,        -
            -
 *. 
,        ,  , 
      ,  ,  , -
      ,  v,    
  V,      k,     a'/a 
.

.
     ,   :
.
.
.
.

     ,       -
 ,   ,        -
.   ,     -
     ,      
   . 
        -
      .    
          -
,       .   -
      100   , 
  100 , 
* 
          : 
       ,         
  - . . 

 .      314
      50%,      100 -
     50 ,   3 . 100  .  
   ,       6  9,   6  
12 ,     ,   50 ,  
  -  50 ,   6 . 50  . , 
       -
    ,       
     .  ,  -
 ,        
202). ,       -
    ,     
 ,    . 
   ,    ,  
  ,    ,  ,   
   .       ,   -
 ,    , 2  10 ,    -
 ,        ,  ,  
  24  ,  12 .  4 ,   -
   24   .    , 
    6    ,   -
  ,       ,  
  500 ,   500       
100%,   12-  ,      
500 ,   6 . 500  .   100 ,   
100       200%,   18   , 
      200 ,   12 . 100  . 
     ,   
202)   , -,       -
  ,   , ,         -
   ,    ,   ,   ,   . 

 IX.      
    , ,       -
   400 ,   24 . 100  .    
 ,      24 ,    
        
,        -
  .          -
 ,    ,      ,  
       ,   -
  ,    ,      -
        . -
.     ,    , -
,       ,   -
   . 
         -
          
.     ,     , 
 ,  ,     ,    
,     ,       
 .     ,      
 ,      ,   
, ,      ,     
.            
   ,   ,  -,   ,   
,     . -
,          ,  
       
 .    ,        . 
      .      . 
       .      -
.           

 .      316
          -
  .            
       .  
           ,  
      1:2,  1:10,  1:,     
   ,       -
        ,      -
 .   1000 , , ,   
,   . .,   ,  100 .   -
     ,    , 
     ,           
  ,    ,   
    . ,    -
  :       -
 ,         , 
       , . .  
 ,     . 
     ,     . 
 ,    ,    
          
  ,      ,   -
,   ,        
   .       
   ,       -
   ,  ,  0/0    -
.         , -
    ,       -
   .       
   . 203) 
203)      . 

 IX.      
 ,        .  -
 ,       113, ,   -
,         .  -
,   ,     114. 
,          ,  
  -  . , ,     
,       10 ,    
   10  .        
         -
         , . . 
 .       -
     . .  -
         

204)
.     ,          
 ,      . 
      ,   -
          , , -
,          
       .   -
        ,        -
     .      .  
        ,      
  ,      , 
 8   . ,         
8  . , ,    8    -
 , , 4   ,      
   . 
204)  , . . ,   ,   ,  10     
   ,    ...     .  
           ,  -
      (An Essay on the Political Economy of Nations. 
London, 1821, p. 47, 49). 

 .      318
            , -
       ,   , . . 
     .      
     ,    ;   
    .     -
           -
  ,          -
    . ,  ,   , -
      ,      -
     ,   .  -
   ,   ,    -
   , . .   ,   -
    ,          -
  205).     -
 -  ,    -
  ,     .   
       ,   
,   ,    . , 
   ,   ,     
,          -
 205a). 
205)        ,     ,   ,   
  .        :    -
,        ,      -
;      ,   . .;      
;   ,     ,   ,      
-   ([J. Arbuthnot.] An Inquiry into the Connection between the present Price of Provisions, 
and the Size of Farms etc.. By a Farmer. London, 1773, p. 12).    .    
  -  -,     ,    -
   ,       .  -
  ,           
 (Textbook of Lectures on the Political Economy of Nations. By the Rev. Richard Jones. Hertford, 1852, 
Lecture III, p. 39). 
205a)      ,      , 
    . {  3 .       

 IX.      
   ,       
   ,    ,     
  ,        -
         ,  
         -
  ,         .  
,   ,    ,     
         ,   , 
          -
  206)      . 
 
      ,     
       ,  , 
,       .  
   . 
        , . .  -
  ,   .  , , 
  ,            
. 
,     ,    -
  ,         -
.    ,      -
  ,    ,     
    ,     
. 
  ,       ,     
1843 .  ,        . 
,  : n2n+2 ;   : n2n+2;    : 
n2nO2   .        2  
       .   
          . Kopp. Entwicklung der Chemie. 
Munchen, 1873, S. 709, 716  Schorlemmer. Rise and Development of Organic Chemistry. London, 1879, p. 54. . 
.}
206)       -. 

 .      320
        ,     
 . ,      . -
     ,      , . . -
    ,      
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         ,   
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.  ,          
  .        
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   .        
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 ;           
 .     ,   
     ,     (mere loss) 
.        -
     .       -
 ,   ,       
       .     -
 ,        
,        ,  -
   ,   ,    .  -
     1848 1850 .  -  -
  ,        ,  
,   ʰ,    1752 .      -
     ,     -

 IX.      
   Glasgow Daily Mail  25  1849 . 207)  
Relaissystem,  ,  ,     : 
   ,        12  10 ...  -
         .   (. .  ) -
 12 ,      10 ,   12      -
  10 (then every 12 machines or spindles, in his establishment, shrink to 10),      
  ,       10,         
     208). 
 -       
    . .        
 ,       -
 ,      ʰ  ,    
      , ,  ,    
,   ,         
   ,    ,      -
      ;      ,  ,  -
         12   -
    10 ! 
207) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1849, p. 59. 
208) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1849, p. 60.   ,   ,  
   ,     
,  ,   ,      ,   -
 ,     -  ,  Relaissystem,  -
    ,        . 

  
  
  
  
   
 
   ,       -
  ,        ,   -
          -
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  2, 3, 4, 6  . . .       -
     .     ,  
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.  ,       ,   
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b,    ,  ab    -
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    ? 
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-

 X.     
 bc, . .    .    ,   -
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   ,  2   3,    -
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2   3, ,        
ab  ab',  10  9 .        -
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 5 .,       ,    
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  .       -
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1)       ,   ,  , 
   (William Petty. Political Anatomy of Ireland, 1672, p. 64).    -
    .      , ... -
       ,        
,  ,       (J. Vanderlint, . ., . 15).  
,         ,   ,    -
     ...           -
  ,      ,      -
  (Turgot. Reflexions sur la Formation et la Distribution des Richesses. Oeuvres, ed. Daire, t. I, p. 
10).          (Malthus. Inquiry Into 
the Nature and Progress of Rent and the Principles by which it is regulated. London. 1815, p. 48, ). 

 .  .    324
    . ,      5 . 
 4 . 6     .      4 
. 6     9  , ,  ,   -
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     1 .  1 . 6 .    
           -
   .   4 . 6 ,     9 , 
   1/10    ,  , , -
,       .    
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  9,  ,     2  3 ,  -
      1/10. 
         ,   -
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 10 ,     9 .      
  . , ,     -
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               -
. , ,  

 X.     
     , . .    ,  -
     .        
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      2). ,  
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   . 
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 . 
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2)   ,      .    
         (   )    , 
  (Galiani, . ., . 158, 159).        - 
,      ,    (Sismondi. Etudea etc., t. 
I, p. 22). 

 .  .    326
,        
    ,     -
 , . .     ,    
 ,     . ,  -
     ,      
 ,      ,   -
   . 
  , ,     pro tanto, . . 
    ,        -
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,  ,      pro tanto    ,  -
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          . 
   ,      -
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          -
   .    :    
 
3)          ...  
 (  )  ,        
 ... , ,          
(Ramsay, . ., . 168, 169). 

 X.     
   ,     ,    
,          ,    -
,     .    -
   ,        
  ,   . 
       ,  6 ,  1/2 ., 
   12-       6 . -
,           12  -
  12  .   ,    . 
.,     ,   6 .    
    ,  : 6     -
  6         .  
,  -      ,  
  12-      12,   24    .  
    ,     -
    9 ,  : 6      
 3   ,    .    
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 6 .,          .  
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  6 , ,     ,       -
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     ,     . 
     1 .,    2   ; 
       9 , . .     l1/2 -
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 ,          

 .  .    328
 ,   ,     . 
,  ,   ,      -
   1 .,          
         3 .  -
 ,         24  -
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         .    
            . 
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 . 
          
         
 3a).      10 ,   -
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     1 .     -
 24  ,     10   , . .   20 -
.       12 .,  142/5    
   .    -
   93/5 .      = 5 .,   6   -
      33/5    .  -
    ,    -
3a) ,  ,    ,        
,   ,       .         
 ,           , , ,  -
...    ,   , ,       , , -
,      ([J. Cazenove.] Outliues of Political Economy. London, 1832, p. 
49, 50). 

 X.     
  5:1,    5:3.      -
   .      = 20 
.   12 .     ,   -
   . ,  8 .   -
 ,     .    ,  
        , 12   
   6 .      
   , . .       
 ,       .    -
   5 .     . , -
       71/2     
.       21/2 ,   -
    1 .  3 .  , ,  
  ,        
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         4). , 
         ,  
4)   ,      ,   ,   
    ,  .    ,   ,  
     , ,  ,      
        ,   ,   
  - ,             
   (The Advantages of East-India Trade to England, London, 1720, p. 67). 

 .  .    330
         , 
,   ,       
       . 
      .  -
     ,      . , 
       -
.           . 
     12 ,    , -
         6 .,       -
          .  
        -
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6  .           
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    5). 
 ,  ,       
.           
  .       -
   .      
      ,     
     
5)    ,     ,     ,  
        (Considerations concerning taking oft the 
Bounty on Corn exported etc.. London, 1753, p. 7).     ,   
        ;  ,   ,   
 ...   ,     ,     -
   .    ,      
 ( , . 3).       ,     
. , ,    ,      
 (A Prize Essay on the comparative merits of Competition and Co-operation. London, 1834, p. 27). 

 X.     
   ,   ,        -
        ,   -
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          . 
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 ,      7),  
    ,      -
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,  , , ,          
 ,      ,       
 12       12  1200    120.   
     ,        14  -
 1400   . .     ,  -, ,  
et tutti quanti [  ],     ,     -
     ,      
 ,    ,        -
,   15     10.    
 
6) Quesnay. Dialogues sur le Commerce et sur les Travaux des Artisans, p. 188, 189. 
7)       ,       (J. N. Bidaut. 
Du Monopole qui s'etablit dans les arts industriels et le commerce. Paris, 1828, p. 13).   
      (Dugald Stewart. Works, ed. by Sir W. Hamilton. Edinburgh, 1855, v. 
VIII, Lectures on Political Economy, p. 318).  ()      -
     .    ,   -
 ,     (R. Jones. Text-book of Lectures on the Political Economy ot Nations
. Hertford 1852, Lecture III [. 39]). 

 .  .    332
         ,   -
      ,        
 ,        .     
    ,     
    ,      -
. 

 XI.  
  
 
  ,        , -
          , -
           -
.         ,       (,  , 
      )        ,  -
            -
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.     . 
,    .   ,   -
,   ,    ,  -
  ,      .   
         ,   -
  ;        ,    
     .    -
 .        6 .,  1 
200      6 . . 1200.       
12.1200,    12  .      
      . ,    
   ,   1200  

 .  .    334
             . 
,       . , -
  ,     , . .  -
  .         -
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,   ,       .  -
 ,     ,  -
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,            
,  5 ,  ,      
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        144 ;    
            
,              
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        144 , -
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      -
8)             
  ,   .         -
,    5      ,      
,     ;  ,        
   ,    ,    , -
   ,   .  ,    ,  5 ,    
  ,       (. Burke. Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. London, 
1800, p. 15, 16). .      !115. 

 XI.  
    ,    ,   
 12             ,   
      .     12     
   ,          
  ,  ,      
.    .     
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         -
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  9). 
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     .   
9) -       ,  ,      
  ,   ,   ,      
 116.         -
       ,     , . . . 

 .  .    336
,      . ,  -
  20   20 ,   ,  ,   
     .     20 -
    ,   10   2  , 
          
          . 
         
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          -
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-,         -
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      -

 XI.  
,        ,     -
 , ,   ,    -
. 
  ,           
            ,    
  ,  10). 
           -
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,   ,  ,    11).   
           -
 ,          -
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 ,        11a). 
     ,         , 
         -
      (animal spirits),  
   ,   12     
    144     ,   
 ,   12  ,      -
    12).    
10) Concours des forces [ ] (Destutt de Tracy, . ., . 80).
11)   ,   ,      .  
         . , ,   
  ...  ,  ,        
,         ,        (. G. Wakefield. 
A View of the Art of Colonization. London, 1849, p. 168). 
11a)      ,  10          
   ,     ,      (John Bellers. 
Proposals for Raising a College of Industry. London, 1696, p. 21). 
12)  (. .      300      ,  10  
   30  )      ; 
 ,    ,      ;   ,  
 ,  1   4,  3   12;       :  

 .  .    338
 ,        ,    ,   
13),     . 
            , 
       ,    
,       ,    -
    . , ,    -
   ,        
  ,         ,        
      ,  ,  
          24   
     ,     ,  -
  ,    14).        
   .   ,        -
, , ,        ,   
            -
 .      144     -
    ,       
     ,  ,      .   
     -
            ,   -
   : , , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2    
        ,       ,  
     ([J. Arbuthnot.] An Inquiry Into the Connection between the present 
Price of Provisions and the Size of Farms. By a Farmer. London, 1773, p. 7, 8). 
13)   ,  ,        -
  .       ,     -
 ,     . 
14)    ,            -
,         . , ,      
   ,       ,          
 ,    ,          
         ,    ,      -
        (F. Skarbek. Theorie des Richesses Sociales, 2eme ed. 
Paris, 1840, t. I, p. 97, 98). 

 XI.  
 ,      12     
,        .  -
     . 
 ,         
  ,          
      .    ,     
        
   ,       
   ,     15). 
      , . .   
     ,      -
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      ,      
   ,          -
.  ,        , -
  , , ,   .     -
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 100 ,      ,  1200 
.       ,   -
    .      
      ,   
    ; , ,     , , 
  ,           16). 
-          -
  ,    
15)     ,     . 
  ,   ,      ,   
       .  ,       ,  
     ,      ,       
  (Destutt de Tracy, . ., . 78).
16)   ( )       ([J. Arbuthnot.] 
An Inquiry into the Connection between the present Price etc., p. 7).      
,    (Liebig. Ueber Theorie und Praxis in der Landwirtschaft, 1856, S. 23.). 

 .  .    340

 -,      ,   -
17)
. 
,   ,     ,  -
             
; , ,     ,  , 
  ,   ,      . .  
 ,  , . .     -
,    .    
       ,    -
     (faux frais),  
  ,       
 18). 
         -
         -
   ,      -
.           -
  :     ,   
   ,      
    ,        
       ,   -
       ,    
      -
17)    ,     -     ,   
 ,      ,  ,  ,   ,   -
        .     
,      ,       ,   
    , ,     .  ,   
           ,   
      (Bengal Hurkaru. Bi-Monthly Overland Summary of News, 22nd 
July 1861). 
18)     ,    ,    ,   -
  ,     500 ,      -
 100 .            -
,         ,   -
        (R. Jones. An Essay 
on the Distribution of Wealth, On Rent. London, 1831, p. 191). 

 XI.  
,     ,    
    ,    -
    .       -
         
,     .     -
.         -
     19). 
      ,     
,           , 
  ,         ,    
  ,        , . .  
   . ,     ,  
     ,   . .,      -
 ,           -
.      300  ,     , -
   ,           
      .  ,   -
,   ,       ,  -
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        . 
      ,     . , -
    ,  300 ,  30  ,   
   ,   10 .  -
  ,    ,      , , 
,    ,    ,      -
.  ,        -
       
19)    ,        ,  
,     ,           
    (G. R. Carii,   : . Verri. Meditazioni sulla Economia Politica
,      , Parte Moderna, t. XV, . 196). 

 .  .    342
,   ,   ,     -
. 
       -
  ,     ,  , 
          -
    ,      -
,       .    
     ,    
          
. 
 ,        -
  ,      ,    , -
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    ,      . 
    ,   -
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 ,      -
. 
         
     20), . .  -
   , ,    
  .          
 ,         ,   , 
   . 
20) ...    (J. Vanderlint, . ., . 11). 

 XI.  
      ,     
       ,       
     ,  ,  -
        .   
,        ,   -
   ,       -
21).    , ,    , 
   .        -
      ,  ,     
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    ,    ,    
 . 
 ,        -
 ,      -
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 ,       ,     -
  .        -
     .  ,    -
   ,        -
,        ,  -
           
       .    
    -,      ,  -
        ,    
(, 
21)    Spectator     26  1866 .,   -
            -
        ,    
,  ,     ,     ,  
    ,  ,      -
.           -
 117:  ,       ,   
   ,      .  (!)  -
      . Quelle horreurl [ !] 

 .  .    344
managers)  - (, foremen, overlookers, contre-maitres), -
       .      
 .       -
    ,   , -
      faux frais 21a). ,  -
  ,    ,  
       ,     , -
    ,  ,   -
  22).     ,    -
 ,  ,     -
,   .       , 
               -
  22a). 
         ,     
    ,      ,   -
,   ,   .     -
  ,    100    ,  -
    ,         .   
  100 ,     . ,  
  100   ,    -
   .   ,   , 
         ,     . 
      ,        
  
21a)  ,           -
     , : - (),  
    ,       .      
(Cairnes, . ., . 48, 49).
22)   ,    ,      
  , :        
 ,   ,       ? (Principles of Political 
Economy. London, 1767, v. I, p. 167, 168). 
22a)               -
 ,      . 

 XI.  
.         .   
  ,     ,    -
     .    , -
     ,    . 
     ,    
,   ,          .   
  .     ,  ,   -
,    ,       ,   -
  ,     , -
   . 
          
,     , ,   . . 
   ,    .      
  ,      ,    
     .  ,       
    ...   ,     
    ,       -
 ,    ...        
,   ,       
...           .     
       ,   ,   -
  (depositary)   ,   .   - -
       ,     ,    
  ,          . 
         ,     ,  
   23). 
          . .   -
   ,  ,      -
    ,    . 
23) R. Jones. Text-book of Lectures etc.. Hertford, 1852, p. 77, 78. ,   . . -
             -
 . 

 .  .    346
     ,       -
 ,    23a)    
, ,   ,      ,  -
    ,          
   ,      .      -
   .      
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         , 
    .     -
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        -
 . 
 ,       
     ,      
     ,  -
        
.    ,       
  .    .  -
          ,    -
,     .    -
  . , ,   , 
23a)     Theorie des Lois Civiles,  ,       
 ,     ()      . 
24)    ,         
  ,  ,   ,     -
 .           
     ,        
 ,         -  . 

 XI.  
       -
     , ,   ,  
          
     . 
           -
 ,      ,     -
  .  ,     
      25)      , 
   ,     
        -
  .        
  ,      ,     
     . 
      ,   
            , -
   . 
25)   ,             -
   ?      -      -
    ? (Berkeley. The Querist. London, 1750, p. 56,  521). 

 .  .    348
  
    
1.    
,    ,      
.      ,  -
         , . . -
   XVI     XVIII. 
   . 
            -
    ,    -
      ,      . , -
,          -
: , , , , , , , -
, , ,   . .     
     ,       
   . ,    ,   . 
     ,      -
 ,            -
.        ,     
   .     . , 
,   . .,      ,  - -
,              -
.   ,         
    .    
 

 XII.     
   .     
   ,      -
          -
 .  ,        
    ,        -
26)
. 
     .  , -
       ,   ,   -
,      .      -
 .     ( ,     -
)  , . .    , -
   .       . 
        -
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,      , ,   -
    ,       , 
        .  
  ,    ,  -
     .    
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26)         ,  -
 .           ;  
      ,         ;  -
     , , , ,      ; 
       .   ... -
      . , , , -
, ,  , , ;            
       ;     (A. Blanqui. Cours d'Ecomonie Industrielle
. Recueilli par A. Blaise. Paris, 18381839, p. 79).   ,    ,  
,   ,  ,     . { 4 .    
,    ,            
.        . . .} 

 .  .    350
,            
.    ,         
,      ,   
        -
        . -
  ,  ,     -
 .          
  ,  , 20 ,     -
 20        20 ,    
     ,     -
   . 
,  ,      .  
 ,       , -
         ,  
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        . ,  -
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. ,             ,   
     :  ,    . 
        -
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,          , -
,  , ,      ,  
     .   . 

 XII.     
         
 ,     ,    -
,       .  ,  -
       ,   
      ,    
          . ,  -
         ,     -
     ,       . 
2.      
   ,       -
 ,  ,         , -
              
 ,  ,      . 
   ,    , -
      .     
          
, . .    27).    
    ,       -
 .           
           
  .          -
       ,     
 ,         -

28)
. 
,         
   ,     ,   
   .   , 
27)          ,    
  ,       (The Advantages of the East-India Trade. 
London, 1720, p. 71). 
28)   ...   (Th. Hodgskin. Popular Political Economy, London, 1827, 
p. 48). 

 .  .    352
          
      ,   
   ,    ,     
  ,     ,   
.          ,  -
         ,     
,          -
    29). 
     ,           
      . ,   ,    ,  -
,   ,          ,   -
  .     ,    
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  .         ,    
       . ;         
 ,      ,       -
 ,       30). 
             -
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 . 
,         -
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-
29)   ...      .      
       ,    ,  
      ,       
...     ,         
...     ,     ,     
  .        ... , 
   ,        -
 ,   .  ,      -
   ...   ,     ,   -
    (Diodor's von Sicilien Historische Bibliothek, Buch I, cap. 74 [S. 117, 118]). 
30) Historical and descriptive Account of British India etc. by Hugh Murray, James Wilson etc. Edinburgh, 1832, 
v. II, p. 449.       , . .     
. 

 XII.     
               
   .   ,         
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.         
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   . 

 XII.     
(   ,    . .);  ; planteur de finissage 
(      ); finisseur de barillet ( , 
    ,      -
); ,   ,     -
  ;   ; ,  ; -
,   (   ); planteur d'echappement 
(,   );  repasseur de barillet (  
     );  ;  ; -
 ;  ;  (   ); fabricant de pendants 
(      ); finisseur de charm ere ( -
      . .); faiseur de secret (   , -
 ); ; ;     . .  . . , -
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       ,    membra disjecta [-
 ]118      ,    -
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 . .32) , ,   
32)   1854 .  80000 ,        -
 .  --,       ,  
   ,  .  1850  1861 .   720000 . . Report from Geneva 
on the Watch Trade  Reports by H. M's Secretaries of Embassy and Legation on the Manufactures, Commerce etc., 
 6, 1863.    ,      , 

 .  .    356
   ,      ,    ,    
(fabricant, etablisseur),      , 
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             -
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   34      . 
33)   ,     ,    
           -
  . 
34)           (The Advantages of 
the East-India Trade, p. 106). 
35)    ,      , -
    ,    ,   
          (The Industry of Nations
. London, 1855, Part II, p. 200). 

 XII.     
      ,    -
      ,  ,   -
              
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      ,       (Dugald Stewart, 
. ., . 319). 

 .  .    358
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37)      ...       
,          (The Advantages of the East-India 
Trade. London, 1720, p. 68). 
38) ,          
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   . 

 XII.     
)
    39.      ,  -
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)
  40.   ,         
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   .          
,    hole ()     bottle maker [-
]  finisher [],  blower [],  gatherer [], 
 putter up []  whetter off []   taker in []. 
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39)  ,       , ,   -
              
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  (Ch. Babbage. On the Economy of Machinery. London, 1832, ch. XXI, p. 172, 173). 
40)        ,   , , ,  -
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 .  .    360
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41)  ,  ,   . ,  ,  ,   The Advantages 
of the East-India Trade   . . 

 XII.     
    . , ,      -
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43)            . -
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        (Ch. Babbage, . ., . XIX). 
46) ,   ,    . . 
47) - . ,     ,     -
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     (Children's Employment Commission. Fourth Report, 1865, p. 247). 
48) -           -
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,  ,       ,   -
 ,  ,     .  :  
        .   ,   
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    . . (Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 1923, passim). 

 XII.     
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 49).     ,     -
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49)   ...       
 ...    (Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 19). 
50)  ,    ,     -
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 (Storch. Cours d'Economie Politique,  , . I, . 173).  ,  -
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 .  .    364
         
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., . 84, 85). 
50a) {  3 .        
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.} 

 XII.     
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,     Wealth of Nations  , ,  ,  , 
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. 
52)       ,     , 
   ,     ,      
(James Mill. Elements of Political Economy. London, 1821, p. 50).    ... -
           -
  (Th. Hodgskin. Popular Political Economy, p. 120). 
53)  1861 .           - 
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54) , ,        XVII    -
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 .  .    366
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,           
    
55)           , -
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    ,    ,     ,    
,    ,     ,      . . (Berkeley. The 
Querist, 1750,  520). 
56) A. Ferguson, History of Civil Society. Edinburgh, 1767, Part IV, sect. II, p. 285. 

 XII.     
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     58a).    -
 
57)   ,  ,     ,    
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        ...          (A. Smith. 
Wealth of Nations, b. I, ch. 1).      ,   :  
  ,          -
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      ,        
   .  Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices, Publick Benefits (   
   1705 .,     1714 .).
58)     ,        -
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,      (Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital. London, 1825, p. 25).  
      . . 
58a)   2 .          
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 .  .    368
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   a posteriori [ ],  ,   -
,      -
       .  -
       ,   
     

 XII.     
;        -
,     ,  ,  
 ,       ,  -
      bellum omnium contra omnes119      
    .   ,  -
  ,     -  
         -
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       . 
        -
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,      59). 
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 ,      100    
.         
59) ...     ,        
 ,             -
   .  ,            -
     ( .  . , 1847, . 130, 131 
[.  ,  4, . 154]). 

 .  .    370
,     ,          
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           -
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  - ,   . .60) ,   -
 ,       :   
,    . .,       
60) Mark Wilks. Lieutenant Colonel. Historical Sketches of the South of India. London, 18101817, v. I, p. 118 
120.          : George Campbell. Modem 
India. London, 1852. 

 XII.     
  ,   ,    
     .     
 ,           , 
 ,       ,     61), 
    ,       
          
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      ,     -
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61)    ...       .  -
   ;           
,   ,           ,  
   ,               
 .        ;    
,  ,     ,    ;   -
    (Th. Stamford Raffles, late Lieut. Gov. of Java. The History of Java. London, 
1817, v. I, p. 285). 

 .  .    372
            , -
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5.    
           
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62)   ,      ( :    
 ),     ;   ,  
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(Storch. Cours d'Economie Politique,  , . I, . 250, 251).   -
         ,       
      ( .  , , 1847, 
. 134 [.  ,  4, . 156]). 

 XII.     
  ,     -
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   64).        -
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   (Dugald Stewart, . ., . 318). 
64)         .    
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65) ,       ,     
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   ,           
,     ,     ,  -
     (Storch. Cours d'Economie Politique, edit. Petersbourg, 1815, t. I, p. 204). 

 .  .    374
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 69). 
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66) A. Ferguson, . ., . 281:   ,   . 
67)        ,    ,  
          ,   -
  ...   ,        
   (W. Thompson. An Inquiry into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth. London, 
1824, p. 274). 
68) A. Ferguson, . ., . 280. 
69) J. D. Tuckett. A History of the Past and Present State of the Labouring Population. London, 1846, v. 1, p. 148. 

 XII.     
  ...           
  ...     ,     
 . 
   , .  : 
        ...   -
           -  
   - ,  ,    .       -
  ,  ,    ,   -
 .             
   (the labouring poor), . .   70). 
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71),   ,       ,      -
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    ?72) 
70) A. Smith. Wealth of Nations, b. V, ch. 1, art. II.   ,    -
  , .       .    ,   ex professo 
[]   ,          -
 .    ,   ,   -
.             , . 
,        ;       -
       . ( .  -
. , 1847, . 122  . [.  ,  4, . 148156]). 
71)    History of Civil Society. Edinburgh, 1767, p. 281, :       
    . 
72) G. Garnier,  V   [], . 45. 

 .  .    376
           
   .         
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)
 73. 
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   ,     disjecta membra poetae123   -
 ,        ,   ,   
      ,     -
  ,  
73) ,     ,   1700 .  : De morbis artificum
,    1777 .        1841 .  Encyclopedie des 
Sciences Medicales. 7eme Division Auteurs Classiques.   , ,  
     . .  : Hygiene phisique et morale 
de l'ouvrier dans les grandes villes en general, et dans la ville de Lyon en particulier. Par le Dr. A. L. Fonteret, Paris, 
1858,  R. H. Rohatzsch. Die Krankheiten, welche verschiedenen Standen, Altern und Geschlechtern eigenthumlich 
sind. 6 Bande. Ulm, 1840. B 1854 .    121     -
 .  ,   ,      
 .      Reports on Public Health. . : Eduard 
Reich, M. D. Ueber die Entartung des Menschen. Erlangen, 1868. 
74) D. Urquhart. Familiar Words. London, 1855, p. 119.      
  .        ,   
  ,   ,       122. 

 XII.     
      (   
)  .        ,   -
    ,     75). 
      , -
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75)     , a priori [,   ]   
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- ,          ,   -
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76)   , , ,     Advantages of the East-India. Trade  
. ., ,  . ,       . 

 .  .    378
 77).      
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77)          XVIII ,  
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          ,       -
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...  ,             
 (Cesare Beccaria. Elementi di Economia Publica,  , Parte Moderna, t. XI, p. 28). 
c ,   ,   Diaries []    
   ,         Dialogue concerning Happiness. 
London, 1741124 (   Three Treatises etc., 3nd ed. London, 1772):   
  (  ,     ) ...  
     . 
78) , ,    ,  XIV,  228: .... ... .......... .... .......... 
...... [  :   ,    ],      : 
[..... .... .. .... ....... ........ [    ,   ]125. 
79) ..... ......... ...., ..... .......... ..... [   ,      ]. 
         ,    
    ,   ,        , -
    : ..... .. .......... .. ......... ... ........ . ...... 
....... [,    ,     ,  -
] (, . I, . 141).     ,     ,  
......... [],   : .... .. ... .. .. .... ...... ... .. ........ 
[  ,   ].      ,   
   30 126    5000    . 
80)            
 .      ,      
,     ,    ,      
, . .         .       -
,  ,      ,    .  -
.            ,      
,   ,    ,      
(Respublica, I, II, ed. Baiter, Orelli etc.).       , . I,  142:  
    ,    ,      ,   -
;  ,         .     
,  ,           

 XII.     
         ,    -
81),           -
    .    127  
     ,     
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 ,  82),    ,  -
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(..... ...... .........).           -
     ,       . 
      ,     , , 
, ,            
...               -
       . Le platonisme ou va-t-il se nicher! 
[    !]
81)  ,           , 
   ,   ,     .   , ,   
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;  ,  ,  ,   ,     ,  
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 ,      ,    .     -
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.         (Xenophon. Cyropaedie, 1. VIII, cap. 2).  
      ,    ,  -
      . 
82)  ()     ... ,         
    ,   .  ,     ,       
;  ,        ,    -
.  ,  ,           
,     ,        
    ,   ,   ,  
   ,  -  (Isocratis. Busiris, cap. 8). 
83) . Diodorus Siculus [Diodor's v. Sicilien Historische Bibliothek, B. I, 1831]. 

 .  .    380
 ,         
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  ,   .  , ,   laws of apprenticeship 
[  ]           
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   84). 
          -
 85).             -
 ,    ,    XVI       -
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    ,   .      
  ,    1770 .     Essay on 
Trade and Commerce. ,   66     ,  
   ,      
,    . 
84) Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 20. 
85)        ,   ,    ,   -
. 

 XII.     
            
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. 
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 . 
 ,   ,          -
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             128. 
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 .  .    382
  
    
1.   
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, ,   . .,  87). ,    
  
86)    :     ,    , 
  , ,     . 
87) ., , Hutton. Course of Mathematics. 

 XIII.     
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,    ,  , ,   . .88).   
  ,      ,   
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    ,         XVIII , 
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 ,       89). 
88)             : , , 
  . .,    ,  ,       ,   
 ...      ;        , -
  . .      (Wilhelm Schulz. Die Bewegung der Produktion. Zurich, 
1843, S. 38).      . 
89)      ,   ,     
  .      ,        -
 XVIII       .        . 
    , . .     -
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 . 

 .  .    384
         : 
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   XVIII         -. 
             
    . 
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 ,       90),    
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90)              
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91)    1850 ,           -
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. 

 XIII.     
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130       1218 ,  -
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 .  .    386
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93)    ,          
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      . 
94) ,         ,    -
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 XIII.     
,   ,       ,  -
   . 
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    ,  ,    -
           
,      95).      ,   
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         -
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 96.          
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  (Babbage, . . [. 136]). 
96)   1859 .  .          ,  
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 .  .    388
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97) Faulhaber, 1625. De Caus, 1688. 
98)           
 . 
99)           -
     ,     ;     
      ,   ...   
          ,   -
  ,   ;           
     ,         , -
   .       (.   Reports of the 
Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1860, P. 36). 

 XIII.     
,         -
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,   ,      1784 .,     
      ,      -
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 .  .    390
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1862 .,  ,  ,    300   .  
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 XIII.     
  ,      ,  -
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  ,  ,    101).  
           
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.      ...      
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    .    ,      -
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    ,           -
,           (Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 31st October 
1856, p. 16). 
102) ,      ...     -
         (Ure. Philosophy of 
Manufactures, p. 20). 

 .  .    392
  ,         -
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 XIII.     
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 .  .    394
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[Widerstreit]      .   -
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103)           , -
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 XIII.     
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104)           -
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1867 .)  , -   , -,    ,   -
     . 

 .  .    396
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 105). 
         ,  
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105) The Industry of Nations. London, 1855, part II, p. 239.   :       
        ,  ,     
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           . 

 XIII.     
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 .  .    398
2.     
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108)      ,       . 
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 . 

 XIII.     
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109)       ,  ,     , 
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(Ricardo. Principles of Political Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 336, 337). ,   -
   . . ,  ,     ,    
,   . 

 .  .    400
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  40-    ,   . . 132. 
        ,    
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    200  ,      15  -
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  .        
109a) {  3 .      33000 -  , . . , 
  1   33000   1  ()  1   33000 .    -
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 XIII.     
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    . 
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110) ,     , , ,    
  ,   pro rata []      
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[]   .   ,  prima facie [  
]       ,     
   . 
111)    ,  ,       
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    ,     -    Restauration der Staatswissenschaften
.  ,   ,         -
        ,   Discours de la Methode,  

 .  .    402
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 ,       , -
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  13   ( ),   21/2   3655/8 . 
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                -
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  Discourses upon Trade (1691)    ,   ,   
 ,           , -
  . .            ,  
    .......... [ ]    , 
    . 
112)        ( 1863 .),     
 161 ,    , 32   ( 1800 .   
    ,   )  14  ,  -
    1236  ,  49  , 203    2400 
   1862 . 13 .   .        
 2 . 

 XIII.     
27000  113). ,    blockprinting,    , -
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 114).      1793 . ,  
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(. .    ).   ,   -
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115)
. 
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     .  :  15 .   -
  ,   1  66 .   -
      100%,   66     
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,   33    66 . ,   , 
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,  3000 . .,   3000 . .     
113)  ,            
 117%.      (1832 .)    ,    -
    ,   33%    (On the Economy of Machinery. 
London, 1832, p. 165, 166). 
114)  ,       . 
115) . Paper read by Dr. Watson. Reporter on the Products to the Government of India, before the Society of Arts, 
17 April 1860. 

 .  .    404
  ,        150 -
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. ,   , 3000 . .,    , 
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    ,     ,    
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116a)
.           -
           -
.        ,    
    ,    XVI  XVII   -
,    ,      
XVIII     .    ,    
, 
116)    ()      ,  ,  
 ,         (Ricardo. Principles of Political Economy, 3 ed. 
London, 1821, p. 40). 
116a)   2 .          
,    . 

 XIII.     
          (redundancy 
of labour,  )   ,     -
            
,       ,    -
      ,     -
.          -
   ,    . ?  -
     ,     6 ,  4 ,  
   5 .      half-times (,  
 ) ,    full-times (,   
).   half-times 117).       
 ( 10 )        -
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    (wretch        
     ),   
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     119),  ,   -
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117)           13- ... 
,  ,  ,        13 , 
. . half-times.        ,   -
   (. .   13 ). , ,       -
      ,       -
  ,   ,     half-times,   -
    ,         ( 13 
)...  half-time     (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st 
October 1858). 
118) ...      ,    (     
)  (Ricardo. Principles of Political Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 479). 
119) . Report of the Social Science Congress at Edinburgh. October 1863. 

 .  .    406
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3.     
  
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)     . 
    
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     ,   ,     
,  ! 

 XIII.     
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 122).  
121)             
     .   13- ,     6  8 
.  ,   ,     18  45  (Th. De 
Quincey. The Logic of Political Economy. London, 1844,   . 147).     -
,   ,       ,   ,  
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,    ,  ,   . .,    
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122)     ,         
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  ,    .      -
  ,      ,      -

 .  .    408
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  . .123). 
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  .     ,  
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 13 ,        -
   20 ,     ,     -
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), 2      .     .   
     124).       ,  
            -
  2 . 6   125).       
 2000          -
  (      )126).           , 
      
,             
 (Public Economy Concentrated. Carlisle, 1833, p. 66). 
123) .   Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1858, p. 41. 
124) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report. London, 1866, p. 81,  31. { 4 .  
  -      . . .}
125) Children's Employment Commission. 3rd Report. London, 1864, P. 53,  15. 
126)  , 5th Report, p. XXII,  137. 

 XIII.     
   ,     -
       .  ,  
   6         -
 ,       :  -
,   ,         
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. . ,    13       , -
,    .        , . . 
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       .    16  , 
   100000         9085  -
   (    7047);  24   10000,   11000;  39 
  11000,   12000;  48   12000,   13000;  22 
  20000;  25   21000;  17  22000;  11  23000;  
, , --    24000;  , -
    25000;   26001    26125127).  -
    1861 .,     , 
   ,         
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  128). ,    ,  
127) Sixth Report on Public Health. London, 1864, p. 34. 
128)  ,  ( 1861 .) ... ,       
     ,     .   

 .  .    410
  ,   129).  -
 1861 .     ,     -
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    Sixth Report on Public Health130).   ,  
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       ,      
 131). 
70     ,   - ,  -
    . ,     -
        . 
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 .          ;      
   ;          , -
  ,      ,          
    ,           
  ,  132). 
      ,     
       133). 
       ,      ,  
 ...   ,    ( ).
129) Sixth Report on Public Health. London, 1864, p. 454. 
130)  , . 454, 462, Reports by Dr. Henry Julian Hunter on the excessive mortality of infants in some rural 
districts of England. 
131) Sixth Report on Public Health. London, 1864, p. 35, 455, 456. 
132)  , . 456. 
133)   ,            
  ,   ...     -
  .       ( , . 459).  
,  ,         ( , . 
460).       ! 

 XIII.     
   ,         -
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    133       134). -
,     .     ,     
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      135). 
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,               
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    ,       (delusive 
law), ,      ,     ,  
  .    ,  ,       (3 ) 
        ,  ,     -
        ,     -
  136). 
   1844 .        
 ,         , -
     . 
134)  , . 37.
135) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1862, p. 59.      .
136)    Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1857, p. 17.

 .  .    412
    ,   ,       
,   : , ,    ?   ,  (summat),    
.     :      ,   軻. 
    1844 .      -
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  .  ,   ,   ,   
1844 . 
         , ditto [ ] -
     137). 
  ,   ,      -
   . 
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  .          ,    
.           ,    .     
,      ...          15  
  10  ,   75 ,   - 138).  -
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    ,         
        .      ,  
   ,     ;      ,  
         (educated)139). 
        ,  
 . 
 ,          
140). 
137)    Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1855, p. 18, 19.
138)     Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1858, p. 31, 32.
139)    Reports etc. for 30th April 1857, p. 17, 18.
140)  .   Reports of Insp. etc. for 31st October 1856, p. 66.

 XIII.     
 -       . . , 
   .    , 
              
30     150    6 ,     . 
              30   150  
  ...      8    6  . -
,   21/2    5    ,     150 .  
          30 ,  5   ,   
 30 ,   150 ,    ,    ,  
   ,     6 ,        
,         ,       ...   , 
     150 ,       
       ... , ,  ,    
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,        ,        3  6  
;   ,  , 3  4     ,      3 
           ,       -
; -  -,  ,  (buffet)  ,  ,    ,  
  ,    150 141). 
         
,  , , ,    -
)
    142. 
141) .   Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1857, p. 41, 42.     -
,       (    ,   
   ),           -
.     ,     ,     -
  ,    . ,     
  :   ,  ,     
  ,   .  ,       
(Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report. London, 1865, p. 253). 
142) - ., ,  ,          -
 ;    ,     ,   -
;     ,  ,       , 
     . , ,  ,   
,    ,            
,     (Ten Hours' Factory Bill. The Speech of Lord Ashley, 15th March. London, 
1844, p. 20). 

 .  .    414
b)    
       -
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   .  ,   ,  , -
        ;     
  ,     . 
          -
     .       -
 perpetuum mobile [ ],    , 
            -
-,        .  ,      -
       ,     -
     ,   -
   143).        
   ,        144). 
 ,   ,     -
  ,     .   -
, 
143)   ,      ,   -
     (Robert Owen. Observations n the effect of the manufacturing system, 2nd ed. London, 
1817 [p. 16]). 
144) ,        -   
,             , 
               -
       . , , ,  -
 , : ,        ,  
  ,     ,   ,   
     ,        
 ,         (J. Fielden. The Curse of the Factory 
System. London, 1836, p. 11).         -
   1844 .:    ,      ,  -
   ,   6    12  ,    2   ,   
  5        24    6   ,        
  . 

 XIII.     
    ,    ,   -
   ,      ,  
    .      -
, ,        -
,    ,      . 
          
.     ,    , ,  
   16    71/2 ,       
      ,     ,  
  15    8  .        
   ,   ,        
         71/2 ,    -
   15 . 
     .     , 
     ,    ,     -
   .       .  -
         ,  
        145). 
     ,  ,   . 
   ,         -
          146).  
 ,         ,   -
     ,     ,  ,  -
          . 
       .  ,   -
    
145) ...         
(Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 281). 
146)      (Times, 26  1862 .)   -
    (      ),     , 
       ,    , -
       . 

 .  .    416
,     ,     ,  -
  .      -  ,   
          147)   
,       ,    -
  .           -
      148). 
           -
         ,  -
    ,    ,     , -
   . .       -
,     ,     ,   -

149)
.      ,    -
,    . ,        
      ,      -
 ,    ,    ,   -
  150).   ,      -
       ,    ,  -
 ,      ,    , 
     ,       -
 . 
147)   ,             
,    (Babbage, . ., . 349). 
148)            - 
,    ,   1200 . .,   
   60  ...        , 
     ,      
   .           8-
        24  ( , . 233). 
149)   ...             -
     ,       
 ,       ...    
            (R. Torrens. On 
Wages and Combination. London, 1834, p. 64). 
150)         ,    , . . 
      ,      . 

 XIII.     
 ,   - ,   ,   . 
,    ,         18 .    -
  (. .   )  ,    ,   
100000  151). 
 !  ,      , , 
  100000  !     ,  -  -
   -  !    -
  ,     ,   
   152). 
       ,    
       ,  , -
   ,   ,     ,   -
 ,   ,   ,   -
 ,        
         -
         . 
     ,      
 ,    ,     
      134   
   .       
 . 
         -
,         
,       ,    -
     ,    ,  -
,   
151) Senior. Letters on the Factory Act. London, 1837, p. 14. 
152)     ...     
.        . .      -
,      ,       -
    ( , . 1114).       , 
     ,       , , 
,    ,   ,     
,          ,       
,      (Reports f the Insp. of Fact for 31st October 
1862, p. 19). 

 .  .    418
 ,     .     
   ,    ,     -
  :       -
 .          
 ,           
.     ,   ,    -
    .  ,       -
          -
 ,      ,   -
 ,   .    , . .   
,     ,   , -
   , . .     . , ,  
      ,   24. -
  24           , 
    24   ,       -
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 ,    ,    
,   ,   ,     
,  .    ,    -
        -
         
 ;   ,    153), - -
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  . 
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153)          ,    -
 ,     ,        
. 

 XIII.     
      ,    -
      ;   ,  ,  
         ,  -
   ,  ,    154), 
  ,    .   -
     ,     -
     .    ,  -
           
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       . 
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             -
 ,         ,       -
,   155). 
 ,    ,    -
   ,      ,  
      !156) ! 
,  ! ,    ,       
-,        . ,  
,  ,         .  
    ,      
154)        ,         -
 ,      . 
155) F. Biese. Die Philosophie des Aristoteles. Zweiter Band. Berlin, 1842, S. 408. 
156)       135 ,   ,    -
   ,       : 
  , ;  , 
       : 
      ; 
  ,   ! 
?  ,     
       . 
    :     
       
(Gedichte aus dem Griechischen ubersetzt von 
Christian Graf zu Stolberg. Hamburg, 1782). 

 .  .    420
  .   ,      -
        , 
     ,      
  . 
)   
   ,   ,    
,  ,   ,     , -
    ,       -
   .      -
 ,      ,    .  
         -
 ,        .   
      ,   -
. 
  ,          -
     ,     . 
,             -
   .  ,    ,    
   ,         , 
  ,        -
  ,          
   , ,       -
  .       -
          -
    , . .   ,    -
       -
  ,           -
        -
 .          
.        
 ,   -

 XIII.     
         
       .    -
         ,   ,    
          
,      .    , 
    ,     -
     ,       -
     ,    ,  -
   , . .    ,   
     .        
        ,     
.         -
     157).    -
         , . .   -
,       .     
    ,     11/5 .     
      -
  , , , 31/3     62/3   
      ,   4    
 8   . 
 ,    ? 
         , 
        . -
    ,      , -
   .   ,      -
 , 
157) ,          . 
,    . ,    ,   -
   .              
,          -
         . 

 .  .    422
      158).  ,   -
 ,           -
 ,       ,   
     , , , 
   159).  ,     
    ,        -
   -     . -
,   1844 .        12 , -
   ,  
        ,      -
 ,       (the extent of vigilance and attention on the 
part of the workmen)       ,     , -
  ,        - -
       . .160). 
    . - .    20  1844 .  
      11-    12-.  
     ,  
              11  
   ,    12 161). 
         ,    
      ( 2%). ,   , 
          ,  -
      .   : 
 6   20  1844 .  12-        -
 10 . 11/2   ,  20   29  1844 .  11-    -
   10 . 31/2   162). 
158)       ,  ,     -
. 
159) . Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865. 
160) Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 1844 and the quarter ending 30th April 1845, P. 20, 21. 
161)  , . 19.       ,     -
   . 
162) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 1844 and the quarter ending 30th April 1845, p. 20. 

 XIII.     
    11   ,    12 ,  
        -
    .          -
     ,       
 ,   . .,    .        -
     .   163). 
   ,       -
 , . .         -
 ,  , . .   ,    -
        ,  
     .    : -
      ,    -
     , . .    . -
       ,     -
,      ,   -
           -
.           
  ,    ,     -
      ,   -
     .    
  ,         ,  
           . 
,   ,       -
,   ,         
,          ,    
,         
,  ,   
163)  , . 21.         . 
,     ,      ,  -
    :     ;       , 
       ,        ( ). 

 .  .    424
      -    
  1/5. 
    12      1832 .   1836 .  
  : 
           ,   -
         164). 
 1844 .  ,     ,     -
   : 
 ,    ,     ,      
. ,   ,       ,  
  (prodigiously)   ,      ... 
,   ,    12     -, ,  
   40,  1815 . 8  .  1832 . ,    12   
   -     ,  20 ,    .  1825 . 
      820   12 ,     
 1640   12 .  1832 .        -
   2200    -,  4400;  1844 .  2400,  4800;   -
       (amount of labour)...        
1842 ., ,       ,    
 ,   ,     ,     
  ; , , ,      ,  
  ...       .     
 ,     ...  ,     
 ,     ,     ,    
,   10%.  1838 .    18000 ,  1843 .     21000. 
 1819 .         60  ,  1842 .   
140,      165). 
   ,      1844 .  -
   12-  , ,     
 ,          -
       .  
164) John Fielden, . ., . 32.
165) Lord Ashley, . ., . 69,   .

 XIII.     
      ,     -
        ,  -
  : 
        ,  -
     ,       ,  -
   :      ,  -
  ,      ,     
  ,     .   ,     -
   .          -
,      .        -
  ,   ,    11    ,   12.  
  ,           ,  
            166). 
 ,     . .,   ,   
 12-      167).  10    ,    1845 .,   , -
          ,   
         -
 . 
     1847 .,      -
 10-     , ,   
 . 
   -   500,  -  1000   , . .  
 ,   1839 . 4500   ,   (1862 .) 5000,   
 ,  5000,   6000  ;       
6168)
  1/10,      1/. 
 ,       ,  
      1852 .  , -
     1848  1852 . , 
166) Reports of Insp. of Fact. [for quarter ending 30th September 1844, and from 1st October 1844] to 30th April 
1845, p. 20. 
167)  , . 22. 
168) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1862, p. 62. 

 .  .    426
   ,        -
       1828 .169),     -
     , ,  , : 
   ,     ,       
,    ,      ,     
50%  ,  ,         ,    -
  220     50  ,       
   100  ...        
 ,     ,     -
    . .,    ,  ... ,     -
      ,         
  170). 
 1850 .      134217  -
 ,    25638716   301445  .  
1856 .        33503580  369205.  
          ,   1850 .,   
1856 .     175000  .     
    161435, . .  10000     ,  -
     1850 171). 
  ( ) 1856 .   ,    -
   ,       ,   
               
       ,  -
 ,       172).  , 
 
169)       1862 .      
          {. . 109 , . 
400. . .}.              
(    1839, 1850  1856 .);       gigs [-
 ],       ,   ,    
 ; ,        . 
170) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1856, p. 14, 20. 
171)  , . 14, 15. 
172)  , . 20. 

 XIII.     
   ,     .   ,  
  ...    .     -
     ,     ( 2 ,   1/6)   -
      ,        173). 
       -
  ,     ,     
       1838  1850 . 32,   
1850  1856 .  86. 
        8- 18481856 .  
 10-  ,     18561862 .  
  . ,      1856 .   
1093799,  1862 .  1388544;    1856 .  9260,  1862 .  10709. -
,    1856 .  56137,  1862 .  52429.  ,   
  26,9%     15,6%     
  7%.  1850 .      875830 ,  1856 .  
1324549 (  51,2%)   1862 .  1289172 (  2,7%).   -
  ,       1856 .,      
1862 .,  ,     1856 .   . , 
      1850 .   .   
       1850 . 32617,  1856 .  38956   
1862 .  43048.      1850 . 79737 ,  1856 .  87794   1862 . 
 86063,       14-    1850 . 9956,  1856 .  
11228   1862 .  13178. ,      -
  1862 .    1856 .,     ,   
  174). 
27  1863 .       : 
173) Reports etc. for 31st October 1858, p. 9, 10. . Reports etc. for 30th April I860, P. 30 sqq. 
174) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1862, p. 129, 100, 103, 130. 

 .  .    428
   16    ,     ,  , 
        .     -
    ,           
    . .     ,       
  10  .    ,         
   175). 
,          -
    1844  1850 .,   ,  -
       ,    
 , ,      . 
  ,       -
,     ,       . 
, -,        ,  - -
     176). 
   , ,        -
   ,       -
         
            
  ,       -

177)
.   ,      1848 .  -
 , . .     ,   1833 
1847 ., . .    ,    ,   
           -
175)            60-  26 
       ,        
   4.          1850 .   2 . 9 
  51/8 . 
  2 . 30    ( 1841 .)    3  -
      -  300 324 .  ( 1871 .)  5 -
     -,     2200,    
      ,   1841  ( ,  ,  Journal 
of the Society of Arts, January 5, 1872). 
176) Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 31st October 1861, p. 25, 26. 
177)    (1867 .)          
 . 

 XIII.     
  ,       178). 
178)            
1848 : 
   
1848 
1851 
1860 
1865 
  
  ( -
).................................
135 831 162 
143 986 106 
197 343 655 
103 751 455 
   ( ).... 
 
4 392176 
6 297 554 
4 648 611 
  ( 
1091 373 930 
1 543 161 789 
2776218427 
2015237851 
).............................................
    
 ( ).. 
11 722 182 
18 841 326 
31 210 612 
36 777 334 
 ( ) ............. 
88 901 519 
129 106 753 
143 996 773 
247 012 329 
  
 ( ).. 
466 825* 
462 513 
897 402 
812 589 
 ( ). 
 
1 181 455** 
1 307 293** 
2 869 837 
  
   
 ( ) ......................
 
14 670 880 
27 533 968 
31 669 267 
 ( ) ........................ 
 
151 231 153 
190 371 507 
278837418 
   
(  ) 
  
 .......
5 927 831 
6 634 026 
9 870 875 
10 351 049 
 ........... 
16 753 369 
23 454 810 
42 141 505 
46 903 796 
    
. 
493 449 
951 426 
1 801 272 
2 505 497 
腅. 
2 802 789 
4 107 396 
4 804 803 
9155358 
  
............................................
77 789 
196 380 
826 107 
768 064 
 ............................................ 
 
1 130 398 
1 587 303 
1 409 221 
  
   -
.......................................
776 975 
1484544 
3 843 450 
5 424 047 
 ............................................ 
5 733 828 
8 377 183 
12 156 998 
20 102 259 
* 1846 .
**  .
(.   Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom,  8   13. London, 1861  1866).
      1839  1850 .   4%,  1850  1856   19%,
 1856  1862   33%,            
,   . . Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 31st Oct. 1862, p. 63.   
  .          -
   ,   ,        , ,  
      45,2%,      83,3%,     -
   81,4%,      ,     -
,  72,6%,       58,2% ( , . 62, 63). 

 .  .    430
4. 
       ,   . -
  ,  ,     ,  -
    ,  ,    
,      , ,  ,  -
           ,  
   ,         
 , . .       .   
     ,      . 
- ,   ,  ,   ,  
   ,   ,     -
     ,     
 ( ),
    
 ,       ,  
          ,       
  ,      . 
     .     
,    ,    ,  
   ;      ,   
            -
    .     
          ; -
     , ,  -
 .       ,  -
  ,   ,   . 

 XIII.     
            -
179). 
             -
.      ,    
      .     
 ,       .   
        
    ,  ,  ,   
  180),     
        . 
      ,   -
         
 ,   , ,  ,     
,          -
, . .      .   -
        . -
    ,      
(    ,    -   
),    (  )   . 
           feeders (  
    ).       -
  ,        -
  , , , ,   . .   ,  
 ,     ,    
 ,    181).    -
 . 
           ,   
   
179) Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 18. 
180)  , . 31. .  .  . , 1847, . 140, 141 [.  -
,  4, . 159160]. 
181)     ,          
,            
    ,     ;   , , -
 ,-          -
,   . .,    , , , ,   
. .,  , ,     . 

 .  .    432
   -  .  -
     ,    
 ,         
     .    
     ,   
          182).     -
    ,   ,       
,     .     
 Relaissystem [ ],        
18481850 137. ,  ,       -
   ,        
   183).       
)
   184,     
     ,   . 
182)   .  ,          
     ,   :      
    ,          
 ,      .       ,   -
         136. 
183)   , , ,      ,     
      ,     . .  ateliers nationaux
 [ ] 1862        
      1848 .,      -
     ,        
  ,    ,     ,   
  .         
 .   ...     , ,    
   . (      ,    
  .) (Reports of Insp. of Fact. October 1863, p. 59.) 
184) :   ,        
1844 .    .         
   ,           -
   .    -     ,   
-.        ,    , 
       -    .  minders 
(  -)  ( )      
       ,          -
.       ,      -
    ,          -
 (Reports of Insp. of Factories for 31st October 1866, p. 63). 

 XIII.     
   ,  ,    -
,             -
,   ,       
          . -
     ,    
    .    ,  
         185). -
     ,     
,               
,   . ,   ,    
  ,      
,   ,    -
  . 
        ,     
.       ,      -
  .        .  
      ,      
 . 
    ,            
 ,    :  ,   ,     
   186). 
185)        ,   -
     ,        . 
186) . .     . , 1845, . 217 [.  ,  
2, . 405].     , - , : , 
   15     , ,      
      .   ,     -
   ,       ,       
  (G. de Molinari. Etudes Economiques. Paris, 1846 [p. 49]). 

 .  .    434
 ,     ,   
           -
 187).     ,   -
     ,      .  -
 ,       ,       
  ,   ,     -
 ,  ,    ,       
     .   
           -
  ,   ,        -
 .         
         ,   -
 ,   ,    .   
  ,  ,      
     ,      
   ,       
     (master).    ,    -
       ,      
    : 
    ,          
  ;        ,    
 ,   ;          
,        .       -
    ,     ,     6    
    188). 
        -
       -   -
   ,    -
187) . , . ., . 216 [.  ,  2, . 404]. 
188) The Master Spinners' and Manufactureas' Defence Fund. Report of the Committee. Manchester, 1854, p. 17. 
  ,      -,       -
. 

 XIII.     
            -
,          [Handarbeiter]   
 ,      -. 
        ,   
.               
   .        , 
     ,      -
  !    ,        ,  
  ,    ,     -
 189). 
 ,        ,  -
 ,    ,    ,  -
   ,     ,     
       , 
           
  ,  .      
  .  , ,      
   ,      
   , ,    ,   190). 
189) Ure. Philosophie of Manufactures, p. 15.     ,      
   .     XVIII    -
        . 
190)  ,    ,     ,   -
 .       .      -
   .      ,   ,       
,    ,      ,        
...   ,     ...      ,  ,  
.      ?     .    
,   ;      ,   ;     
     ,   :  .    -
  ,    ...     ,      
        (. .     . 
, 1845, . 217  . [.  ,  2, . 405406]).   ,    
 .         1866 .       

 .  .    436
     ,     
.         ,  
,    ,     . .,  -
         ,   -
,      ,   
   .         ,    
       .     ,   -
  2-  . (   ,     -
           .)     
   ,      ,   ,   
.   .       .   -
   ,    ,    , - ,   -
   ,            
         .      -
 Great Unpaid138,  ,   ,     . { 
4 .   .     ,     
,     ,         
        . . .}   
       1863 .  30     ,   
 ,     ,  ,  ,     
           : 6   2 -
, 1 .  3   1 . 6   10 .  9 .     4 . . 10 .  
,              1012 .  .  
,          ,     -
 6  ,          ,    ,   
    ;        ,    -
      .   ,  
  , ,      ,       -
   .     19      . ,  
   ,     6    2 . 6  -
 .       .     -
    ,           -
   .    1866 .       . 
       (18631866)  ,  , -
     ,     -     
  .        -
        .  ,    
 . ,          
,              -
⻻ ( 13- )  10      ,     6 
         3 ,     ...  , 
        ,        
   1 .      ,     , 
         . , -
  ,        ,    
,   (            1863 .). 
Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 30th April 1863, p. 50, 51. (    ,  
     .) 

 XIII.     
    190a).   
,         
 ,           
 ,       : , , -
,    ,          -
   ,        -
  191).   ,    192)?139
190a)         . ...    -
    ,   20   ,  ,   
. , ,             -
 ;        ,   -
      ...       
    .  ,       -
      , . .     .   
        ,   .  , -
   ,  ,    ;      
  ,        . ,    -
        ,     .   
   6   906  ...    , -
       ,       
  ...    ,        
  .      ,     ,  , 
    .           4  -
   12%,       25% ,       5 -
 ;     ,        71/2 ,   
   101/2 ,      65% (Reports of Insp. of Factories 
for 31st October 1866. London, 1867, p. 9, 15, 16, 17). 
191)               
     ,        , 
  .           -
 :  ,         -
 ; ,  ,   ,   .        
       ,          
 .    ,  : ,    -
 ,      ,       ,    
    ;     ?     -
  ,     ...        
,    -  (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 
1855).     ,      . 
192)  ,            -
     ,     .  -
         , 
     (. Reports etc. for 31st October 1863, p. 109). 

 .  .    438
5.     
          -
 .       193).           ,  
   .      -
        -
. 
     XVII       
Bandmuhle (  Schnurmuhle  Muhlenstuhl)      
194).     XVII   ,   -
  ,      .    XVIII  
 ,    ,      -
  
193) .,  : John Houghton. Husbandry and Trade improved. London, 1727. The Advantages of 
the East-India Trade, 1720. John Bellers. Proposals for Raising a College of Industry. London, 1696.   
,  ,      .       
    ;         ,      -
    ,      . 
An Inquiry Into the Causes of the Present High Price of Provisions, 1767, p. 61, 62. (    
      .)
194) Bandmuhle    .     ,   -
  1636 ., :      50    (   1629 .) 
     ,     4  6  ;   
   ,         ,    
 ,        140.      
    1629 .       ; -
   1623, 1639 .  . .     ; ,  
       15  1661 .   ,   
 (Institutiones Politicae, 1663)   Bandmuhle  ,   20     -
  ,            ,  
         .       
,  ,   ,   .     1676 .   
ʸ,         .    19 -
 1685 .       .        
  . 9  1719 .  VI   1685 .,    -
         1765 .  ,    
,        ,  ,  -
  XVIII .  ,     ,    
 ,          ;   -
      4050 . 

 XIII.     
,   .  1758 .,     -
 ,    ,   100000 ,  
 .  scribbling mills [ ]     50000 
,       ,     -
.           
15  XIX ,          
   ,    , 
  . .      .   
    ,         
             
)
   195. 
,     -   ,  -
           .   
    ,     ,   
   .      -
          ,  
  .   . , , ,   -
   100    ,      
  ,       500000 -
,  , ,   ,      , -
    .   ,      
    . ,  ,    
    800000   ,       -
    ,  ,    
 ,       .  -
       ,   
   .      -
,   ,    
195)              
  .   , ,     1865 . 

 .  .    440
    ,       
,        ,   -
.          -
        196). 
,        ,   -
, ,         ,  -
,       ,      
     .     -
      ,   -
   ;   ,      
 ,   . .,        
  .     ,   
 .       , , ,  , 
    196a).       -
      . 
 ,   ,      -

197)
.        -
,      .    
   ,  
196)             .   
    ()  ,    ...  -
    ,    ? (Recherche des principes de 
l'economie politique, t. I, 1. I, ch. XIX.)   ,  ,    . 
          . :  
      ,     ;  -
    ,     .     
     ,     ,     -
  .          , 
    .       ,  ,  
       (Piercy Ravenstone. Thoughts on the Funding System and its 
Effects. London, 1824, p. 45). 
196a) { 4 .     . ,      , . .  -
  ,      Bauernlegen [   ], 
   XVI ,     1648 . . .}
197)        (Ricardo. Principles of Political Economy, 3rd 
ed. London, 1821, p. 479). 

 XIII.     
      .       
,         -
 .       ,   -
        .     -
  ,         .  
 ,        , . . -
,        ,   -
,          -
 ,        , -
           . , 
         -
, ,   ,     (a temporary inconvenience),   
          , -
        .  -
  .       -
,          .  
  ,       .  -
     ,  ,     
, ,  1838 .     . 
     ,       
  272   198). ,  -
198)      1833 .        
   - ,       , -
   .  1827 .   Ҹ      , -
 .        Ҹ ,   -
     . :       -
  ? : ;        ,   
  ,           -
 . : ,   ,    ,    -
,     , ,     ? : 
,            
 . ,       ,   -
  .            -
  ,    .    -

 .  .    442
      -, - -
   1834 1835 :        -
 .     . ,    
    ,       
. ,     ,   
       .  ,   -
  ,      
         ,    
     ,   ,  
)
      199.      
     . 
   . ,      
   ,         
    .      
       -
    . 
      ,      -
    ,         
  200).       ,   -
   ,   ...        
   ,      ,  -
,        ,   ,  
        ,       201).  
 ,         ,    -
        
 컻 (A Prize Essay on the Comparative Merits of Competition and Co-operation. London, 1834, p. 
29).
199)    ,      (. .,     , 
   ,         ), 
            (Ricardo. Principles of 
Political Economy, 3rd ed. London, 1821, p. 469).       
    ,          
              
    (Ure. [Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 23]). 
200) Reports of Insp. of Fact. 31st October 1858, p. 43. 
201) Reports etc. for 31st October 1856, p. 15. 

 XIII.     
         ,    
 ,      202).      
  203).         -
 ,     ,      -
  :     ,   ,   .   
       204).    
  205). 
   ,    , -
    ,     
 ,         
    .      1860 .,   -
   ,    -
       ,   -
      ,     ?  -
           
 .    : 
 75       12,       
 ,    ...      10 . .  ,  
   10%.         -
       ,      
,     ,    ,    
,     . 
202) Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 19.    ,    -
,   ,            
(Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report. London, 1866, p. 130,  46). 
  2 . - . ,      -
 ,    (   . .):  (expensive) 
           .  -
    ,    ,   
,     (a low class of labour)...       -
   .         -
 ,     ...     , 
   (Royal Commission on Railways. Minutes of Evidence,  17862  17863. 
London, 1867). 
203) Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 20. 
204)  , . 321. 
205)  , . 23. 

 .  .    444
          10%. -
 ,     , : 
         ,    
,     ...         -
       ;         
.     :  ,   ,      
,        ,     206). 
  .     : 
       ;    
     ,    ;      
 ,   ,  ,        
     ,       ,  
     70 ,   207). 
 141       
  ,    -
   . 
  
1857 . 1861 . 1868 .
  .......................................................... 2 046 2 715 2 405
..................................................................... 152 163 131
.......................................................................... 12 9 13
  ........................................ 2 210 2 887 2 549
    
1857 . 1861 . 1868 .
  ....................................................... 275 590 368 125 344 719
................................................................ 21 624 30 110 31 864
 .................................................................... 1 633 1 757 2 746
  ..................................... 298 847 399 992 379 329
206) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1863, p. 108 sqq. 
207) Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 31st October 1863, p. 109.      
            
    .    6  1866 .     
.          , , ,  -
    .   1867 .       
      5%.     ,     
 ,          ,   
 , 4   .    ,    
  ,     ,      
    5%,      . 

 XIII.     
  
1857 . 1861 . 1868 .
  ...........................................................25 818 576 28 352 125 30 478 228
 ...................................................................2 041 129 1 915 398 1 397 546
..........................................................................150 512 119 944 124 240
  .........................................28 010 217 30 387 467 32 000 014
   
1857 . 1861 . 1868 . 
   ...............................................................341 170 407 598 357 052 
 ........................................................................34 698 41 237 39 809 
 .............................................................................3 345 2 734 4 203 
  .............................................379 213 451 569 401 064 
,  1861  1868 .  338  , . .  -
          .  
     20663;        , 
       ,  . , 
    1612547,         
50505. ,   ,     , 
        . 
       ,   
   .     -
       .    -
       ,   . ., -
   208). ,     -
         -
 
208)              
.      ,     -
 .    ,      350000 .  ,  
   3000500 .   (Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report, 
1865, p. 262263). 

 .  .    446
  ,      -
209).         1830 .,  -
           -
.       -,    -
    210). 
      - ,   -
,        ,    
        1851 : 
         
 .       ,      
 ,    .       ,  
    .         -
.           1500  
750.      142. 
          : 
,        (. .    
    ),     ,       
  ,       . 
     ,   ,  
: 
 ,        , , 
              
.        . 
   -  : 
        ...   -
    ,  ,    ,   -
    211). 
209) Gaskell. The Manufacturing Population of England. London, 1833, p. 34. 
210)            
-         . 
211) Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 367370. 

 XIII.     
     1835 .,   ,    
    ,        
       ,     ,   
     . ,   
,     ,    ,  -
     ,   , 
    -    ,      -
        . 
    ,       
,   ,   ,   . .   -
 . 
  ,   ,       
,  ,      . 
,    : 
     ,    ,  -
             .   
 :       ,   -
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      ,    ,    
     .           
   . 
,   ,         , 
             -
.         ,  -
     13   12   ,   -
        .     
        ,   -
          212). 
212) Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 368, 7, 370, 280, 322, 321, 475. 

 .  .    448
6.    ,
 
   ,   , -, , , 
  , ,   ,  ,   -
       ,     
  213). 
,    100 ,    , 
    30 . .  . ,     
    3000  . ,  50 
  ,   50    ,    1500 
 .       ,   . . -
 ,       - 3000  
214).      - ?  -
          6000 . .    
     .     4500 . . (3000 
. .     1500 . .  )   1500 . .  -
. ,      ,    
  ,   1/4  .     -
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     .    6000 . . 
        50 .   -
        .     -
  ,        ,   
1500  1000 . .,     1000 . .     
, . .   ,    500 . .  . ,  -
    ,        -
 16 ,      50,     ,  
213)     ,       -
       . . David Ricardo. Principles of Political Economy, . XXXI  
. 
214) NB.         . 

 XIII.     
16 ,      500 . .       
   , ,        
 . 
  ,         -
;          ?  
      ,   -
 .   1500 . .,       
, ,   , : 1)   , -
   ; 2)     ; 3) 
    . :   ,  
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     . 
,           . 
       .  , -
,          50    -
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   1500 . .       -
. ,       ,      -
 ,    ,     -
  ,     ,   .  , 
    . Nominibus mollire licet mala143. 
  ,     1500 . .  ,  
       . -
,     ,    ,   -
    ,     ,    -
      . ,   
      ,    . -
,  ,  ,   ,    
 . 
    1500 . .      
 .   

 .  .    450
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 ,   1500 . .     ,  -
 50  ,        
    ,    .   ,   1500 . 
.,        .     
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 ,      .   
  . Voila tout [  ].      
    -,     . 
        ,   
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  . 
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 XIII.     
 ,  ,     ,  -
       .     ,     
  !   ,       -
   ,        ,  
     215). ,   -
     ,     -
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        ,    
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pointe []  !   ,  -
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215)  ,    . . ,    :   
            ,    
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 ,                 ,   
 ,      (An Inquiry into those Principles respecting the Nature of Demand 
etc.. London, 1821, p. 72). 

 .  .    452
       . .,     , 
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       ,  
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           -
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  . 
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!216)      :  , 
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- !         ?     
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 216a). 
        ,    -
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         .    -
 ,     , ,    -
 
216)        ,  , -.  -
,       8- ,       -
 ,            -
    ,      ,      
,           (MacCulloch. 
Principles of Political Economy. Edinburgh, 1830, p. 166). 
216a)     , , ,    (A. Thiers. De la 
Propriete. [Paris, 1848, p. 275]). -         -
, , ,   . 

 XIII.     
  ,     :    
,   ,     -
  ,     ,  -
    .   ,   
   ,  ,   . .,      
,    .       -
     .    ,   
    ,      , 
, ,   ,      -
 . ,  400000     -
  ,  100000   .    -
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   .     ,  
, ,   . .,  ,      , -
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,             -
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         -
       ,    
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 , . .        -
 .  ,   ,      
,           -
.  ,        ,  -
      ,      -
       217).    
     .   ,    
        
217)   1861 . (. II, , 1863)  ,       , -
 246613,    73546  20-  173067  20- .    -
 835  510 , 30701  10  15 , 42010  15  19 .    , 
, ,      319222. 

 .  .    454
218). ,    219),  , , -
 ,         
   ,       ,    
        
.  1790 .,         , 
   697000,   1861 .    .   , 
  ,         
          -
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  ,   ,   1845 .  , 
  ,        -
  . 
      ,  -
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          ,  -
           
. ,          -
,   ,    ,     . 
    220).     -
 , , , 800000 ,      -
,  , -  -,       -
.     
218)      1861 .     60807 ,      -
      . ., ditto [ ]      . , -
     , ,   . .,    
   , ,   . .      
3329. 
219)         ,    ,   1861 .   
   125771 ,    123430 , 2341 .    30810  20 
  92620  20 . 
220)   4   ( )       -
        4 . .    10-  ;  -
   ,    ...       
  (Gaskell, . ., . 2527). 

 XIII.     
   ,   ,   -
, ,   . .,     . 
    , ,  -
  . .,        
 ,         -
 ,       . 
       ,  -
,          
    . 
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         .  : 
   221).   -
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  . .,    .     
         , 
      222). 
         
    -
221) . 
         .    
      .     
        . 
222)  1861 .          94665 . 

 .  .    456
     ,  , , , , -
, ,   . .,       . -
            -
      ,    
  .          -
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  ,        . 
           
, , ,    .  1861 . 
(   )     ( ,  -
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2399,   2366,   3570      70599,    
 28000          
   . ,   ,   
    ,  94145. 
,        -
,         
    ,     
           
       , , , , 
,   . .   1861 .       
20066224 ,    9776259   10289965 .    
       ,   -
,   ,   ,  , , -
,   . .,  ,       
    ,   . .,  , ,   
. ..     8       , -
   ,      , , -
  . .   8 : 

 XIII.     
  (   
     ) .....................................1 098 261 . 
 ,   , , 
, , , ,  
,        
  .................................................................642 607223)  
 ,       ...................................565 835  
     ( , 
   . .)    
  ..................................................................................... 396 998224)  
  ...................................................................................1 208 648225)  
            
   ,    1208442;       
      ,     1039605   
      .     
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7.    
     .
   
        ,  -
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,        .    -
   .     ,     
?  ,     ,       -
,    
223)      13   177596.
224)     30501.
225)     137447.   1208648   ,      .
  2 .  1861  1870 .        
267671.  1847 .    (   ) 2694,   1869 .  4921.  
 ,     ,     little slaveys, -
 . 

 .  .    458
 ,     ! ,    -
 ,     ,    -
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,    ,     ,  -
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,     ,  ,    -
  !226). 
,            
,         -
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     ,     -
 ,   ,      . 
,  652 ;    570 :    85622, 
 (  ) 6819146,      27439, 
   1390,      94119. ,  1865 .    
 :   95163,  7025031,    -
 28925,    1445,   88913. ,  1860  1865 .  
   :    11%,  3%,   
 5%,             5,5%227). 1852  1862 .  
226) ,        -
   ,         perfectibilite perfictible [ 
    ]   gens honnets [ 
].       ,  ,   ,   
   ,        ,      
   ,   .         
  : ,   ,    ,    
,   ,   ,     ,   
, ...     ,     
,      .      -
    ,     ,   -
  (   ,      . .),    -
 (  ,  ?)  ,   ,   -
.     ; Ch. Ganilh. Des Systemes d'Economie Politique etc., 2eme ed. 
Paris, 1821, t. I, p. 224. .  , . 212. 
227) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865, p. 58 sq.         -
         110    11625   
, 628576 , 2695      ( ). 

 XIII.     
    ,     -
     .  ,      
     228).    
         , 
. .     ,       -
,       . ,  -
            1838 
1856 .    ()     
 ; ,           
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        229). , 
          
  . ,       ,  -
,    ,  ( 18 ),    -
    . 
   ,     ,    -
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       ,      
       . -
,    ,   500 . .,    
   2/5     3/5   , . . 200 . . -
   , 300 . .    , ,  1 . .  -
.       .  
228) Reports etc. for 31st October 1862, p. 79. 
  2 .    1871 .   .    , -
  ,  New Mechanics' Institution, ;      ,  
      .       -
,  ,     .         -
:       63 ;      -
     33)  ,    ,      33  
13. 
229) Reports etc. for 31st October 1856, p. 16. 

 .  .    460
 , ,  4/5   1/5  ,   
       100  . ,  -
    .      
           
500  1500 . .,     300      ,    
  .      ,  2000 
. .,    400 , . .  1/3 ,      . 
      100,  , . .   
    ,    800,    -
      2000 . .    400,  1200 . -
,         
.   ,        -
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 ,   ,    . ., ,    -
,    , ,       ,   
         -
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.          
       .   -
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1835 .  354684,     1861 .    (    -
 ,   8-)     230654. , 
    ,    ,    1838 .  -
  800000   ,    , -
   230);        ,   -
      . 
230)    (        ,   
 )     ,       
   ,     (!)      ,   -
,     ( 20 !)  (nearly) , ,   , -
       (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 
1856, p. 15). 

 XIII.     
  ,        ,   
      ,     -
    . 
          
   ,     , , , -
 ,   ,  ,  .  
 ,        ,  -
     ,     -
.            , 
     ,     , 
    ,    
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   231).   ,  -
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231)  ,        ,  -
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 .  .    462
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,        ,  -
, ,     233). , -
       -
 ,         -
          -
 .          -
,      234). 
  - ,   18  1867 .   -
          ,  
   ,   18311866 .     .  
     144. 
232)    -  : 
1846 . 34 540 143 ., 1860 . 204 141 168 ., 1865 . 445 947 600 . 
   -  : 
1846 . 4 570 581 ., 1860 . 20 214 173 ., 1865 . 20 679 111 . 
233)        : 
1846 . 2 958 457 ., 1860 . 16 574 345 ., 1865 . 29 920 623 . 
     : 
1846 . 21 789 346 ., 1860 . 59 166 616 ., 1865 . 109 734 261 . 
234)        ,   -
,  .       (1866 .)    -
   . { 4 .         -
  ,        . . .} 
       ( ): 
1846 . 401 949 393 1853 . 765 630 544 
1859 . 961 707 264 1860 . 1 115 890 608 
   . .      
(  ): 
1850 . 1862 .
............................................ 16 202 312 41 033 503
................................................. 3 669 653 6 624 800
 ..................................................... 3 174 801 4 426 994
 ....................................................... 388 749 7 108
 ................................. 3 819 440 7 207 113
 ...................................................... 1 054 19 571
 .................................................... 5 473 161 11 694 818
Bere  Bigg (  ) ........ 2 039 7 675
 ..................................................... 811 620 1 024 722
..................................................... 1 822 972 2 037 137
 
 ......................... 35 365 801 74 083 441

 
 
 1866 
18311835 18361840 18411845 18461850 18511855 18561860 18611865 1866 
 ( ) 
 
 
 
 ............. 1 096 373 2 389 729 2 843 865 8 776 552 8 345 237 10 913 612 15 009 871 16 457 340 
 (
 
) 
 
-
 
 
 .............. 225 263 251 770 139 056 155 461 307 491 341 150 302 754 216 218 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
871 110 2 137 959 2 704 809 8 621 091 8 037 746 10 572 462 14 707 117 16 241 122 
.................................... 
 
 
 
 
 
-24 621 107 25 929 507 27 262 559 27 797 598 27 572 923 28 391 544 29 381 760 29 935 404 
....................... 
 
 (
 
-
)  
 
 
. ., -
 
 
-
 
 
 
 
0,036 0,082 0,099 0,310 0,291 0,372 0,501 0,543 
 
-
........................ 

 .  .    464
        
           
 ,     .   
      , , -
,   .   ,   -
  ,  ,    ,  -
 ,       .  
  ,     
      .       -
 .       -
 ,   ,   ,   -
  ,       -
       235). 
,       -
     ,   .    
         .  -
,    
235)   ,        ,  -
  ,  1866 .,  , :  20     
     ,      .  
    .      .   
,     ,   .    
               (undersell). 
       ,     -
    ,         -
 .         ,      -
, -, .       -
  ,      , . .     
  ,   .  .     -
  ;  ,     ,    ,   
,       ,      
   .     ,   3040%. 
 ,         67 .,     3 . 3  
 3 . 6 ;  ,     4 .  4 . 3 ,    
2 .  2 . 3 .    ,      . 
               
     (   . .   Children's Employment Commission. 
5th Report, 1866, p. 114,  1). 

 XIII.     
 ,     ,    -
.         -
          ,   
          
 .  ,     , 
  ,  ,      , 
    . 
      ,    
      . 
 1770  1815 .        
 5 .     45-   
         .  1815  
1821 .   . 1822  1823 .  . 1824 .    
 145,    . 1825 .  . 1826 .  -
      . 1827 .   -
. 1828 .         .  1829 . , 
  ,    . 1830 .   , -
 .  1831  1833 .    ; - 
        (  ). 1834 . 
       ,   
;          -
 ;      ;   . 
1835 .   ;        
 . 1836 .   . 1837  1838 .     . 
1839 .  . 1840 .   , ,  . 1841  
1842 .     . 1842 .    -
  ,     ;   -
   ,     ,      -
 . 1843 .   . 1844 .  . 1845 .   -
. 1846 .    ,    

 .  .    466
;   . 1847 .  ;     
 10      big loaf [ ]146. 1848 .   
 ;    . 1849 .  . 1850 .  
. 1851 .    ,   ,  . 
1852 .   ,  ,    -
 . 1853 .   ;     -
  . 1854 .  ,  . 1855 .    
, ,       . 1856 .  
 . 1857 .  . 1858 .  . 1859 .   -
,  . 1860 .      -
 ; ,        ,   
1863 .     ;    ;   -
   . 1861 .     ,  -
 ,    ,  .  1862  1863 .  
. 
      ,     
 .         18601861 . ,  
           : , -
     ,    -
     236). ,  1861 .  2887 -
   .    .   -
  . ,      2887   2109,  -
  392,  19%,    10   , 345, 
 16%,   10  20   1372   20    237).    ,      1858 .,   
 ,     ,  ,  ; 
    overlookers [ ]   
 .     .   
      ,    -
 .   -
236) . Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1862, p. 30.
237)  , . 19

 XIII.     
 1/3   ,         
   ,    .  -
  ,       1862 .  60,3% 
  58%  .        -
 , ,     .    -
    (60   ),     -
.     ,         
,         
 ,  -   ( ),   -
   (-)          -
.     ,  ,   -
,            
. .           ,  
  ,  ,      -
 ,          . 
   ,      ,    
20, 30   .         
 5, 71/2  10 .     ,   3, 31/2, 4 
      6   .  1863 .,      -
 ,   ,   . .  3 . 4 -
, 3 . 10 , 4 . 6 , 5 . 1   . .  238).   
         -
   .         , 
   ,     . . 
       ,     -
 ,      .   
.    minders  - (    -
 - ),  
238) Reports etc. for 31st October 1863, p. 4145, 51. 

 .  .    468
  14-    8 . 11 ;     
 ,   , ,    ,   
    6 . 11 .      
 1862 .   2 . 6 239). 
          ,  -
    240). ,      
    !      ,  -
      .    
experimenta in corpore vili [      ],  -
   . 
 ,     ,       
 ,    ,      .   -
      (experimentalizing) -
...           :    15% 
  ,          5060%241). 
         .  
      . 
,   ,  ,        -
...   ,          
 ,  ,   ,    . -       -
    ,      ,  
.      .  ,  ,    -
 ;         ,   -
. 
  ,  ,     ,   
    .    15 . -
 ,   ,  20 242).    -
  30  1864 .  : 
239) Reports etc. for 31st October 1863, p. 41, 42.
240)  , . 57.
241)  , . 50, 51.
242)  , . 62, 63.

 XIII.     
         . 
    ,  8-    51/4 .   23/4 . .  
 51/4-     .       -
.      50% ,        -
  ,   ,   ,      
 243). 
           
   ,         , 
   ,        . 
 ,     ,    
  ...       ,  -   25 
244)
. 
,   45    ,  1770  1815 ., 
   5    ,       .  
48- ,  1815  1863 .,   20      
28     .  18151830 .    -
    .  1833 .   -
      147.   
  ,  1846  1863 .,        
 9     .    - 
 ,    ,    -
)
 ,  245. 
243) Reports etc. for 30th April 1864, p. 27. 
244)       ,   Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st 
October 1865, p. 61, 62. 
245)        1863 .,   -
  ,   :    ,   -
        .    -
,                 
    :  1814 .   ( -
  )     17665378 . .,   -
   20070824  .  1858 .    
   182221681 . .,        
43001312 . .,        ,   .  -
,           ,  -
  .           
,     , ,   ,  -

 .  .    470
8.    
,      
a)  ,  
     
 ,    ,   ,  -
,    ,   .  -
     ,    .  
        .  -
, 10         48000   
. ,    11-    145200 .   
      4   , ,   
   600000   ,   3000000  246).  
     , ,   ,   
    .    -
          -
, ,  ,   ,     , 
  ,      . ,   
     ,       -
     ,      -
 ,     148,   -
    . .247).   
  . ,        
      , ,   ,   ,  
 .      . ,    ,  
   25   6  ,       
            
                    (Reports of 
Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1863, p. 51, 52).       ,     
     ,     
,    . 
246) Children's Employment Commission. 3rd Report, 1864, p. 108,  447. 
247)           .   
    ,       , -
          . 

 XIII.     
     -.   , 
  ,    engine house [ ] 
  ,         -
.       , ,  21/2 .   .  
         ,   
 .      2  6  ,  -
,    ,   .   -
      12 .    -
 300 -248).   ,      
      ,  ,  
  , ,  ,    . ., -
    ,      
      .    
     ,     
        ,  -
  .  , ,     
  .           
,    6  .  1820 .   
   7 . . 4 .  12 ,   
  1830 .  8 .,           
26 249). 
b)    
      
           
        ,  
248) . Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865, p. 64. 
249) -           .   
1851 .    180       120   . , 
      ,    -
     .   ,   1861 .,  1428,    
1268    5- . 

 .  .    472
      .      -
            
  ,   . .,  ,  , -
  .     ,   -
    ,     .   , 
  ,     , -
     .       -
        -
.    ,     
    ,    ,  , 
   ,   ,   cheap labour,  , 
   .        -
    ,      ,    
   ,   ,     
        .     
           
,     ,  
        .     
  ,   .   -
,    ,    -
       ,    -
        ,    
   . :   .   , ,  1000 
   9000  ,   250). 
          
   ,    ,     
,       ,    
  ;          
 
250) Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, 1864, p. LXVIII,  415. 

 XIII.     
         . .  
          , 
  , ,        -
,          -
 ,         ,   , -
     ,      -
    , ,   . .,    
  , ,       ,   -
    ,     -
  .      -
    ,         
          -
   ,       -
   ,      -
         -
  . 
c)   
       .    
        .  
      ,     , 
 30000     10000 .       
  ,  ,    , -
  251).       -
       251a).  -
      ,     , 
  .      ,    -
 ,     ,   
251)         !
251a) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, 1866, p. 3,  24; p. 6,  55, 56; p. 7,  59, 60.

 .  .    474
        ,   
   252).   , -
     ,     -
  ,    .  , ,     
    ,     . -
    ,        
.    ,   ,  , 
, , , , ,   .    , 
    (    ), shoddy (-
 )        . , -
 ,        -
,      253).   -
 ,          , -
    ,  ,     , -
   ,         
(1866 .)   .        5    
8   ,      ,   4    9 
 .    5    7    , 
.        6-   4- .  
   ,   ,   .  ,   
   . ,       24-  
 2000   ,     ,     
 .     10     
     30       210 . 
        ,    ... 
,   -
252)  , . 114, 115,  67.    ,      
,        . 
253) .         Public Health, 8th Report. London, 
1866, Appendix, p. 196208. 

 XIII.     
     , ,    ,   
     ,        , , 
 ...      .  
moulder () (      )     7  
       .     ,      
,       .     2    -
   3     .      
 ,             ,   -
.         ,   ...  
 ,       ,   ,  ,  ,  
           .    -
 ,    ,    ,   (rough, foul-mouthed 
boys).   ,  ,  ,    ,    , -
 ,           .  
   ,   ,    ,    -
 .     ,         
. 
,           . 
 ,      . , ,       -
  ,          ,   -
! (You might as well try to raise and improve the devil as a brickie, Sir!)254) 
        -
 (      ,    
)        (1861 .)   
(1864 .)    .  workshops ( ),   
   ,    ,   -
   .       . - 
,     149    -
   ,   : 
    (1861 .)  ,        
     , 
254) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, 1866, p. XVIXVIII,  8697, p. 130133,  3971. 
.  3rd Report, 1864, . 48, 56. 

 .  .    476
  , ,        , ,     ,  
       .  ,       
           ,    -
         ...    
            
,     ,   255). 
        -  -
   256): 
   , 
   -
  
 ,   -
      
  100 000   -
  
( ) 
2535  3545  4555  
958 265     充.. 743 805 1145 
22 301  
 ...... 958 1262 2093 
12 377  
13 803  腅.. 894 1747 2367 
d)     
        .    -
    ,       -
,     ,    , , 
    ,     -
 257).    
255) Public Health. 6th Report. London, 1864, p. 29, 31. 
256) Public Health. 6th Report. London, 1864, p. 30. -  ,     
   2535-     ,    -
         30-    -
  Improvers (    ).     , 
     ,      ,   -
      .  ,     -
,    ( ).
257)           ,   . 
. Children's Employment Commission. 3rd Report, p. XI, XIX,  125130; p. 52,  11; p. 113114,  487; 
p. 137,  674. 

 XIII.     
    ,      ,  
            -
 . 
  150000 ,      ,   
10000     1861 .   
 140000  ,     ,    -
   .       
    - ,        -
.  686 , ,      1724 ,  
258): 
1852 . 1  45 1857 . 1  13 
1853  1  28 1858  1  15 
1854  1  17 1859  1  9 
1855  1  18 1860  1  8 
1856  1  15 1861  1  8 
         
 ,       -
. 
  1861 .    ,   -
 ,       . ,    
  ,          -
 ,    ,    ,   . .,  
: 1)  lace finishing (  ,   
;  ,   ,   ); 2) -
 . 
Lace finishing      ,     mistresses 
houses [ ],     ,      
 . ,   mistresses houses,  .  
    .     ,  
  . .   ,      , -
          . -
 
258) Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, p. XXII,  166. 

 .  .    478
    20  40        10  20  . 
  ,     ,  6 ,  -
       5 .     
 8    8    11/2-    ,  -
         .    
     8 (  6)    10, 11  12  .  -
      500600  ,   -
  1200.       67100    . 
        .     
,     ,  ,      
  . 
     1520 ,     ,    
 12     ,   15    ,       -
  ,       ,    -
...          ,  -
,           .    -
  ,      ,      . 
    mistresses     ,  
   . 
 -    ,  ,     ,  
     , ,   ,    
   ...      (Their work is like slavery)259). 
           , . .  -
   ,   ,   ,   , 
     .      80   -
.  ,   ,     9  10  ,  -
          .  ,  -
     , ,     :   
, 
259) Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, 1864, p. XIX, XX, XXI. 

 XIII.     
   ,         260). 
       
      ,    2030  
        ,    -
,      , ,   -
    .      -
.      3000   -
,    ,   .   -
 ,     lace finishing.    ,   
mistresses houses    lace schools (  ), -
      .  5- ,   
,   1215-            
 48 ,   6    810  . 
 ,       ,     
 ,         .  -
        ,    ,  -
...            .   
   ,  ,     ,   
   .  :      18   
, 33     ;  ,   , 18 ,  241/2 -
2 261)
   .        221/. 
,          ,  -
  .          
  .  1861 .        
  48043 ,   3815    ,   -
 ,   14913  20 ,     7000 .    
   straw plait schools (   ).  
260) Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, 1864, p. XXI, XXII. 
261)  , . XXIX, XXX. 

 .  .    480
       4 ,     3 
 4 .  , ,   .     
 natural schools ( )     -
,         ,   , -
     ,     30   .   
         10, 11, 12  .  
    ,       .   -
   ,  - , 300 -
        .    -
      ,     : 122/3, 17, 181/2 
  22    . 
   ,     ,      
 ,    ,   ,   3     -
. 
      1214- . , -
      ,       . , 
, ,         . 
,       ,    
...       ...      
,          ,    , -
     262). 
         ,   
 ,    ! 
 ,         
(          -
 3 .),        trucksystem 
[   ],     -
     263). 
262) Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, 1864, p. XL, XLI. 
263) Children's Employment Commission, 1st Report, 1863, p. 185. 

 XIII.     
e)       
   .   
    
       
          
,       ,      -
  ,          
    ,   ,  -
            -
    .   , , ,   
    ,         -
      (  )   -
. 
       wearing apparel ( 
).        ,   
        , 
, milliners  dressmakers264),  , , , -
      , , ,  , -
  . .  ,       -
,   1861 . 586298 .,       115242  20 , 
16560  15 .      (1861 .)  750334. 
,       , ,    -
   ,  437969,    14964  15 , 89285  15  20 , 
333117  20 .           -
.      ,   ,     
     1861 .     1024267 , . e.  
 ,      .  ,   
          -
    . 
264) Millinery     ,       , 
dressmakers    . 

 .  .    482
 wearing apparel  ,     
  , membra disjecta [ ]150     -
;    , , ,     
 ,  ,     ,    -
        , , , 
   . ., ,   ,      
 ,     ,    
  265).  , ,   . . 
  ,      (taillable 
a merci et misericorde [    ])     
  .       
        -
,      266).   
        -
        .  -
             -
        -
    ,     
,      ,   
   .      -
 ,   ,         -
  ,       ,      
    . ,   .  
 ,     ,     
     ,   -
        
265)  millinery  dressmaking       -
    ,     . 
266)        ,     10001200 
,    ,     1300 ,     
  ,  . . (Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, p, XLVII,  319). 

 XIII.     
   .   .  ,  
   , ,      
     ,  ,   
, , , ,    . .,    
. 
       ,    -
,         -
.    .      
      ,      
    (the poorest of the poor).    -
   ,     , -
.         .  
          -
              
.       ,   
.       (death from starvation)    
       267). ,    ,        -
   ,   ,    ,    -
,      .      
   ,    ,   
 . ,   ,    , , 
  . .,        ,   -
   . 
,     ,          
,        3040 , ... ,  -
     , .    ,     -
   
267)  : 26  1864 .     151   -
 5   .     Times      .  
     ! 

 .  .    484
  , . .  8    6  ,    34    
268). 
    ,    -
  ,      .  -
    ,          -
     ,    ,     
 ,  ,   ,    
,       . .269) ,    
,             
,         -
.   ,  ,   . .  
 .     .      
 en chef []         
 1050       . ,     
  ,          
  ,    ,      
  ,      270). 
        ,    
       ,    
        271). -
    , ,      -
 .   :    , -
          
   ,    ; ,  -
,       -
268) Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, 1864, . LVII, , 406  409; p. 84,  124; p. 
LXXIII,  441; p. 68,  6; p. 84,  126; p. 78,  85; . 76,  69; p. LXXII,  438. 
269)      , -,  ,    -
            ,    -
            
 ( , . 83,  123).       . 
270)      . . ,        -
 . 
271) Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, 1864, p. 83,  122. 

 XIII.     
    ,   ; ,  
    ,     -
 .       .    -
,    272),       
   ,        
.      , -
  ,           -
     273).  -
            -
,         -
,       . ,     -
  ,        -
 .         -
 ,   ,     ,  
     . .,   ,      
274). ,   ,       
      , ,   , -
           
   . , ,      
wearing apparel,       ,    
   ,        -
,            -
  , ,     -
-        ,  -
  275). 
272)  ,   - ,    ,   1864 . 
 800  . 
273) Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, 1864, p. 84,  124. 
274) ,  -   , ,       
 ,       ,   1200 . 
275)     (Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, 1864, p. LXVII). 
             , 
    ,   . . ( ,  405).   ( , 

 .  .    486

       -
      ,    
,   .     
, ,      ,    , -
       . .     -
276)    ,   , 277).   , -
    ,    ,    -
    ,  ,   . .,   , 
          -
.  ,      ,  
       :    -
   ,         -
 .   ,       , 
    ,           
.         
 . 
   ,     ,   
    ,    
, . .   ,        
       . , -
      -
. XLVI,  318).         1840 .  -
   .  1846 .   ,     -
   .        ,   3-,  
   ,   1862 .  120000.   ,  
   11 152  1862 .        
4063 . 
276) , ,      Britannia Pottery, Glasgow -
:     ,      ,  
   ,       ,   -
   ,     (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865, p. 
13).     ,       ( , . 
13, 14).
277) , ,         -
   power jiggers [  ]  handmoved jiggers [ -
 ]. 

 XIII.     
,           -
,    .      
 , ,      ,   
,         , , , 
 , , ,  ,   -
 . ,      , -
      ,     -
      .    -
   ,      -
 .          -
.  1864 .     ,    16    
. 
        (slip) -
   ,         
. .         ,   ,  -
     .       -
       278). 
        ,  
 ,     12 ,   1864 .   1865 .,   
   138628 . .        
.       ,  , -
   ,    ,       -
 ,       .   , -
  (1864 .)   dipping machine ( ),   -
)
     279.       
,      ,    -
,        
278) ) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865, p. 96, 127. 
279)               230 
 32    1417 .       1865 .    
    . 

 .  .    488
  ,          -
 ,    3      .    
      : 
   ,    .        -
   ,       ,    
 ,         , - 
     ...         
    (1864 .),      18-    
      ,   280). 
     ,     -
: 
,       ,  .   ,  
 -  .  ,        
281). 
 ,  ,      , 
    ,      
      ,   -
       .    -
         6  18 ,   -
    ,        -
.  : Impossible? Ne me dites jamais ce bete de mot! [? -
      !],     -
 .     ,    ,  -
 ,       -
, ,   ,     ,   -
      282). 
280) Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, 1864, p. IX,  50.
281) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865, p. 22.
282)  ...        ,  
  ,     ...  -

 XIII.     
         ,  -
        ,  -
 ,            -
         , -
           -
  283).        -
        ,   
        , ,   
,      .   -
           
           
 ,       ,    
,        , -
  ,   .     ,   
    . 
     ,  , ,   -
,      ;   ,   
          2      
,    .      ,      , 
  ,     .         
   ,     ,      
,     284). 
     .     -
   ,      ( , . 96, 97). 
283)   , ,        -
    ,           
 (Children's Employment Commission. 3rd Report, p. VI).      -
  .    23,  ,   ,   ...  
    ,      ( , . VII).   
             -
 ( , . XVIII).     ...      , 
       ( , . XI). 
284) Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report, p. XXXII.   , -
,           , -
       ( , . XXXI). 

 .  .    490
   ,     ,  
         ,   -
     .    , -
        ,     , -
            -
,         , 
  . .    ,    ,     -
       ,  
    ,       -
   ,         -
 -  . 
,        ,   
      ,   ,    -
,    11, 12, 2  , ,    ,   ,     -
,   ,       (the stench is enough to knock you down),  ,  
     ,      285).    -
,      , ,   ,     
 ,        ,     -
     286). 
   ,         
(usages which have grown with the growth of trade)    
      ,    -
    ,       .   
 ,   ,    ,     -
,      .       
       287).   , -
   
285) Children's Employment Commission. 4th Report, p. XXXV,  235, 237. 
286)  , . 127,  56. 
287)            ,  
 ,   ,         
1832  1833 . ,       ,    ,    ,  
             .      -
       ,         
(Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1862, p. 54, 55). 

 XIII.     
       ,    
         
     ,     288);     
   ,      -
       289);  
         -
  290);         
  ,  ,   
  291)         
 292). ,       -
,          -

293)
,     - . 
288) Children's Employment Commission. 3rd Report, p. XVIII,  118. 
289)   1699 .   :      .  
   : 1)      ,    -
     ,    ,      
 ,  ; 2)     ,  -  -
  ,          ;  
    ,          
;  ,   ,    (Essays about the Poor, Manufactures 
etc., p. 9).
290) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, p. 171,  34. 
291) , ,       :   -
 ,         ,   8    7  
71/2  .          . (  -
      ,          -
;     1618 . .)...      -
   ( , . 171,  35, 36  38). 
292)  .     ,     -
             -
.      ,  , ,    -
 ;                   -
        -        
,        . 
293) ,    ,          
    ( , . X.  38). 

 .  .    492
9.   (   
  ).    
  
 ,       -
       ,  ,   
,      ,   
,    .      -
    ,     -
  ,      . 
   ,      ,   -
  ,        -
         ,    -
   .         -
  ,          -
      .       
  ,       ,  
   ,     .    
. ,          -
  ,      scutching mills ( ).  
1864 .    1800  mills.       
 ,       scutching mills,   -
   ,     , ,    
  .  ,  ,    -
     .  - scutching 
mill   ( )  1852  1856 .   6    60  
,            -
    . - , certifying surgeon [ ] 
  ,      16  1865 : 
   scutching mills   .      
 .   ,     ,     

 XIII.     
.     , ,      
 .  ,      scutching mills   -
     294). 
        ,  
        -
     ? 
  1864 .        200 ,   
   20         ( ,  !).  
   27878 ,        ,     
  ,       -
    .         
295). 
          ,  -
          -
   .    ,     
   500 .        -
   . !       
       ,    
         , 
           -
      !     -
   , . .  ,    
,         . 
-   500       -
 .  ,    , -
         500    -
    .  ,   ,    
       296). 
294) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, p. XV,  72 sqq.
295) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865, p. 127.
296)  ,         
  25       20   .   -
          720000  ,  416 -
 ,  .  ,          , 
       .     ,  -

 .  .    494
         ,   
    297).    -
    298)   ,  ,  -
     .  ,   
,  ,   ,     ,  -
,    ,       ,    
. 
  . ,       ,      
   . ,        ,    
        , , ,     ,  
     . ,       ,   -
 ,     ,        299). 
      ,   -
     1863 .         -
,         
                
 ,         ,   300).  
 ,   
 , -,  1300      ;   ,  
         8   .     -
   800   (Huxley [Lessons in Elementary Physiology. London, 1866, p. 105]). 
297)    ,        14   -
 ,           .   
  .    ,     (Reports of Insp. of Fact. 
for 31st October 1865, p. 111). 
298)       (     )  -
          .  . .     
       Report of Proceedings etc.. London, 
1863, p. 63, 64,       31  1865 ., . 118, 119, 120, 126  . 
299) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865, p. 118.       
     :   ,   ,   -
 ,          . ,    
   ,  ,    .   ,   
          (Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, p. 
82,  36). 
300)   Report of Proceedings       
 , . 66.     ,    -
,           -
    ,     . .   1863 .    
  1833 .        ,    
              
. , , -  ,   -       -
  ,           . , 
- ,   ,   ,      
  ,        . 

 XIII.     
     ,     ,  
           -
            -
,          . 
 ,       -
 ,        ,    
         
     :       
      ,      
       301), -
  ,        
 .        
       .  , -
 ,    ,    ,    -
          , 
   ,     - , 
              
. ,    
301)   ,   ,     ,   -
    ,       -
,      ,    .  
    ,      .   -
       ,    , -
   . ,    ,       1015-
   ,    ,         
  .    .      
(Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, 1866, p. 114,  6).       .  
    ,     . 

 .  .    496
           
       .   
 ,     .      
      .      
 .     :  ,  
 ,  ,  1117- ,    
  ,           -
 . ,   ,        
  14, 15, 16   ,   36  ,     
    !302)      , ,  , -
 ,  . 
     ,          
;             ;   
,      ,     ,    -
,              
  ,            4 -
303). 
        ,   
  17 ,    .     -
.     -      -
, ,    . 
,        , -
        .    -
     ,   -
   ,     
304) 
302) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, 1866, p. 3,  24. 
303)  , . 7,  60. 
304)     ...     -    
,   ,   ,      ,  
 ,  ,       ,   ,  
             .     
  -  ,   , ,     

 XIII.     
   .       -
      ,  -
  ,      ,   
.     ,      
,  ,    .   -
    ,   ,    
             -
. ,    XVIII     mysteries (mysteres) 
[],          -
305).    ,      
        -
             -
   .        
,           ,   
 ,     . ,  -
         -
   ,  ,    -
  ,   .    
     ,      
   ,      -
 ,     ,     
,     ,       -
   .     -
         . 
    ,        
  ,   .      -
, ,   . . (Dugald Stewart. Works, ed. Hamilton, vol. VIII, p. 327328). 
305)      Livre des metiers ,  ,  
             , -
 ,       ,    ,    -
          . 

 .  .    498
     306).  , -
           
 ,             
 .          
             
  .      -
 ,  ,   .   ,  
          -
 .  ,      -
 , ,    ,  -
            307)     
      ;     -
       ,   -
   ,    .    -
.            -
        ,   
  308), ,   ,   -
306)    ,       ,  -
, ,  ,   ,    -
 . ,         -
      .    , -
    ,       
   .  ,   ,    , -
    , ,     -
,    .     ,   ,  
 , ,            
  (.   . .   . , 1848, . 5 
[.  ,  4, . 427]). 
153
307)         (). 
308)   ,   -, :     ,   
   ,     .    -
,      ,  ...     ,    
 ,   ,  !   ,  .      
  ,        ,      -
, ,     . .  ,    ,     
 ,         (A. Corbon. De l'ensejgnement professionnel
, 2eme ed., p. 50). 

 XIII.     
          ,  
     ,    
,        -
. ,     ,  :   -
  ,        -
  ,       -
  ;  ,      
,    ,    -
       .   -
   ,      , 
    ,   ecoles d'enseignement 
professionnel [ ],       
         . 
  ,    ,   , -
      ,     -
,         -
        ,  ,   
.        ,   
          
            -
  .      -
         . Ne 
sutor ultra crepidam!154  nec plus ultra []     
    ,      , -
    , -   309). 
309)  ,      ,    XVII    
         , -
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 ,   :     ,   ... -
     ...       ,    
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...      ,    ...    (   

 .  .    500
      ,   . .,  
       . -
,       310)      
   patria potestas, . .,   ,   
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 .    , , ,  
          -
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  . 
 ,            
1866 .,      ,            -
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          -  ... 
           ,  
           311). 
         -
    ,  ,   -
,   ,   , -
   .           
  ,     ,   
          
,     ,      -
      . 
     )     (Proposals for raising a 
College of Industry of all useful Trades and Husbandry. London, 1696, p. 12, 14, 16, 18). 
310) , ,      ,        
              -
   ,   . . 
311) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, p. XXV,  162, 2nd Report, p. XXXVIII,  285, 289; p. 
XXV, XXVI,  181. 

 XIII.     
,     -  , 
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      컻315). 
312)          ...   ,      
  (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865, p. 129). 
313) Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 31st October 1865, p. 27, 32. 
314)       . 
315) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, p. X,  35. 

 .  .    502
- .  (       )  
      : 
           .   
       (he always felt restless at night),   
,  ,           - 316). 
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 318). 
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316) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, p. IX,  28. 
317) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, p. XXV,  165167.    -
     . Children's Employment Commission. 3rd Report, p. 13,  144; p. 25, 
 121; p. 26  125; p. 27  140  . . 
318)  ,         , 
:  ,  , ,  -
     ,  ,   , 
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    . 

 XIII.     
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      319). 
     5  1867 . ,    
       319a).  
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320). 
    .     
  1863 . ,         1842 . 
   1864 .,       , -
    (  ),  , ,   
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 . 
319) Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report, p. XXV,  169. 
319a)         12  1867 .    
,    ,   ,  
, , , ,  , , , -
,  ,     50 .      , -
 17  1867 .,           . 
  ,        1872 .  . .    II . 
320) Senior. Social Science Congress, p. 5558. 

 .  .    504
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 7,        ,   
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     . 
* 
An Act for regulating the Hours of Labour for Children, Young Persons, and Women employed in Workshops. 
. 

 XIII.     
   ,     ,     , 
        ,     
 .    1871 .         
  ,         
 100000    300    ,    
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 321). 
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  1862 .       
 ,  ,      , 
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  1840 .        
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321)      2 , 2   41 .  8 
    1871 .         
,      18711872 .   25347 . .,     
     . 

 .  .    506
  ,        . 
    155     Report from the 
Select Committee on Mines, together with... Evidence, 23 July 1866.   , -
          -
;   in folio,    Report []     -
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)  : 
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 XIII.     
      . .,      ?    ,  
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(139, 141, 143, 158, 160). 
2) .       ,   
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   ?    ( 717).      
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marked man) ( 720).    ?    ( 721).     ,  
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722).        ?       
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3)  .   1842 .       ,  
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1736).          ,    ?    -
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 XIII.     
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( 1816). 
4)    . 
  coroner's inquests [    ]   ,  -
    ,    ? ,   ( 360). 
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     ( 361, 364, 366, 368, 371, 375).    -
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     17  1860 : 
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,       -

 XIII.     
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  ( 581). 
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( 1042). 
 1865 .    3217    12 .  
    (Times, 26  1867 .)  ,  ,  
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        10 . ,     
(  1866  1867)      (  
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322)  ,      , , ,   , 
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, 18601862,           
,        . 
{ 4 .    (. 264) [. 309  ],  -
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           23  1877 .  
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 XIII.     
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 ,     323),  ,  
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 1205. 
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,                
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323)   ,    ,   : Dr. W. Hamm. Die 
Landwirtschaftlichen Gerathe und Maschinen Englands, 2. Aufl., 1856.      -
 -   ,   -   . { 4 . ,  
  . . .} 

 .  .    514
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324)       :     . -
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 XIII.     
    .  ,    -
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  ,     325).  -
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325) . Liebig. Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur und Physiologie, 7. Aufl, 1862,   
       .    -
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   ,       ,      
.   ,       ,  : 
          ,   
   ,     ;   ,   
     ,   , , ,    
  .  ,   ,      . 
.    Principles of Political Economy, v. I, p. 17:    caeteris paribus [  
 ]            
(-           ,   the 
decrease of the labourers employed [   ]     
 ,   ,      ,    -
,   ,  ),      .   , 
      ,      (Liebig, . .,  I, 
. 143, ).        ,     
 ,   ,     ,    . .  
  ,        .    
      XIX ,   1815 .   ,    
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,    qui pro quo. 

  
  
   
 
  
     
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 XIV.       517
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 XIV.       519
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1). 
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1a)    ,          
    4000000 . 
2)        , 99     -
 ;     ,  ,    2/3 (The Advantages of the East-India Trade 
etc., p. 72, 73). 

 XIV.       521
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3) Diodor, . ., . 1, . 80 [. 126]. 

 .  . .  .   522
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Trade is the Rule of our Treasure. Written by Thomas Mun, of London, Merchant, and now published for the common 
good by his son John Mun. London, 1669, p. 181, 182).          -
,      ,         
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Causes of the Present High Price of Provisions. London, 1767, p. 10). 
5)            ,  -
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6d. Hoefer. Paris, 1863, p. 141). 

 XIV.       523
           
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6). 
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  (An Essay on the Governing Causes of the Natural Rate of Interest. London, 1750, p. 59).   
 ,  ,  . .       . 
8)    ( ,        )  
  ()157. 

 .  . .  .   524
300 ,       500  600 .  ,       
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9) F. Schouw. Die Erde, die Pflanzen und der Mensch, 2. Aufl. Leipzig, 1854, S. 148. 

 XIV.       525
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 XIV.       527
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 . .9a) 
            
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         . 
9a) J. St. Mill. Principles of Political Economy. London, 1868, p. 252253, passim. {   
   . . .} 

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{  3 . . .} 

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,          -
   . 
  ,      
   ,     . 
        .    
,        , 
  . , ,    -
       4 .  3,   -
    8   6,         3 . 8 , 
3 . 6 , 3 . 2   . ., , ,   -
   3 . 4 , 3 . 6 , 3 . 10   . .  , 
    3 .,    ,  -
     ,     . 
10)     - ,  ,   ,   
        ,   ,  
    .          
 ,      .  -
   ,          -
   .  ,        
    . ,  -   -
   ;          ,  . . 
    . . 

 .  . .  .   532
        
.          
,    .        
  ,             -
  -        .  
.      3 .,    
  6 ,      3 ., . .   
  6 ,         -
         .  -
        ,   -
,  .      ,    
    .      ,     -
  l1/2 .,    ,   2 . 10 , 2 . 6  
 . .,             
.  ,        -
             
.    , . .     , -
      , , ,     
      11). 
       .   
 : 1)   ,      ,  -
   ,     -
 .          ,   -
 ,           -
  . 2)    ,    
    , . . -
11)            -
     ,       
,      ,    ,   
 ;      ,        
   ([J. Cazenove.] Outlines of Political Economy etc., p. 67). 

 XV.       
    , : ,    . .    -
        ,  . , -
   ,         
 .  ,    ,    -
     ,     -
           -
.    500 . . ()   ,    . ., -
  400 . . (),  100 . .   (v); , ,  -
m
 = 100 . . (m).     /v = 100 . ./100 . . =100%. 
m
    /K = 100 . ./500 . . = 20%. ,  ,  -
     ,       
 . ,     , , ,   -
            
             
   . 
II.       
,    
          
    .        
  ,       . 
,            
 .        ,   
   ,  ; ,      
  ,       ,   . -
   ,     .     -
    ,           
     .  ,   -
 

 .  . .  .   534
           -
 ,  ,     ,     
.            -
    .       
    ,  ,      , , 
,      7 ., 8 .  . . 
 6 .,        -
. ,          , 
  6  8 .,            
          . 
          3 .  4, 
      6 .  8.     -
          .  -
, ,    * .     
  ,          -
. 
 , ,   ,    
          ,  -
,     ,     -
     .      
.        , -
          -
 ,       ,     -
. 
         
 ,          
  , ,        -
.             -
            
  .  
* 
 , -  ,   . . 

 XV.       
          ,   
   12). 
III.      
,    
      .     -
. 
1)      , . .   -
    ,      ,  -
,    .       
.          -
, . .          .  
              
  . 
       ,   -
   ,       -
:        -
  ,     13). 
2)   .     6 ,   -
   3 .,    6     3 -
.      12        6 
.      2        -
,            
.          , -
  .  ,    I,   
   
12)             -
    ,   ,   -
   60-      72- 80-   (Reports of Insp. of 
Fact. for 31st October 1855, p. 65).        -
            -
  . 
13)   ...         
  (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848, p. 7). 

 .  . .  .   536
        . , ,  
         -
  . 
    ,     ,    
 ,          -
         .    , 
,   :         -
    . 
           ,   
      .     
 ,   ,       
     ,    
    14).     -
  ,      ,   
   .        
           -
    .        
   . 
IV.   , 
     
,     .    
        .     -
    ,         , -
        . ,  -
,     I, II  III,       
.     ,   
     -
14)  ,     24 ,     
   ,     ,      
      (Grove. On the Correlation of Physical Forces). 

 XV.       
,   .        
 . 
1)        -
 . 
     ,       -
 ,      , ,  
       -
   .     12 ,  
       6 .,    -
   ,      . -
,     6    6   . 
        -
  3  4 .,       6  8 .  -
   ,      6  4 ,  
  3  2 .       , . .  12  14 -
,      6 ,    3 . 
      ,   ,  
  .      4 ,  12  16 ,  
      ,    -
,   ,      -
 3  4 .,       6  8 , -
  1/3,   331/3%.  ,       
        -
   ,        ;  -
    ,       , 
, ,           -
     . 
   1799  1815 .          
  ,  ,    , -
  .      ,   -
      , 

 .  . .  .   538
           
     ,    .   
,        
 ,          .  
 ,        15), -
,          ,  
)
  16. 
2)         -
  . 
          : 
  .       ,  
   . ,         
,          -
.          -
,      .       
 ,     ,   
15)       .    ,    
    .     ,    -
   , ,    ,    -
 (     18141815 .),  , ,   -
     .       ,    
  .       ;     
 ,    ,  ,   ,   -
       (Malthus. Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of 
Rent. London, 1815, p. 48, ).    ,      -
 ,           ,     , -
     ,          
.   ,    ,   ,   
              
       ,     -
        .   ,   
,      ,     
  ,      ,    
    . 
16)            ,  , 
   ,     .   
         ;    
              
(Essays on Political Economy in which are illustrated the Principal Causes of the Present National Distress. London, 
1830, p. 248). 

 XV.       
  .      -
    .   ,    
,      .    ,   -
    ,     .   
,          
,   ,         
  . 
     ,      -
 ,      ,      
.           -
.         ,   -
   .     -
      ,       
         
,   ,    ,     -
. 
          
,    ,  , , , -
       ,  -
,         , 
             
     .     
       .   
          
   . 

 .  . .  .   540
  
  
   
  ,       : 
I)    .
. 
m .
. =    
= 
  . v .    
   
= .
   
          ,   -
      ,      -
.         .  -
       , ,    -
 ,    .        
: 
      
II) == 
    
   
= .
  
            ,   
 ,      ,    ,  -
   .   ,      
  ,      ,   
    . 
       ,   -
 ,  .     12 .  
     ,  

 XVI.       541
          -
: 
6         3 . 
== %. 100 
6        3 . 
 ,   II),  : 
6         3 . 
== %. 50 
   12     6 .
. 
       ,   -
            -
.          
,      :  ,   
,     100%17).      -
              
,        ,    
,    ,     .    
      100/100      .  -
       (      , 
   . .),      .    -
 ,    , 
17) ., , Dritter Brief an v. Kirchmann von Rodbertus. Widerlegung der Ricardo'schen Lehre von der 
Grundrente und Begrundung einer neuen Rentetheorie. Berlin, 1851.      , -
,      ,     -
. {  3 .  ,       -
,        , -   .   
       .      -
   .   :       ,  
   ,       ,   -
     - , -
    ,        ,   
      .       ,  
      .       -
  ,       ...        -
,  ,      ,     
  ,      (Briefe etc. von Dr. Rodbertus-Jagetzow, herausgegeben 
von Dr. Rud. Meyer. Berlin, 1881, Bd. I, S. 111, 48-  ).     
       . . .} 

 .  . .  .   542
      .   
      
=      
     
/100        100+x/100.       -
      .    
 - .  ,     -
3
   1/4,   () /4 18)  ,   
    ,       
 ,    . .     
       ,  3:1, 
   300%. 
         
      II),    -
        .     -
,         -
.  ,      ,   -
   . 
           -
 ,  ,       -
  ,      ,   -
   ,    ,   -
           -
  .       ,  
            
    19). 
18)   ,       ,    -
  .  - .  ,   ,  ,  -
  . 
19)           ,  , 
,  ,           
    .  , ,  .    De l'Esprit d'Association dans 
tous les Interets de la Communaute. Paris, 1818.  .          
      . 

 XVI.       543
,  II)        I). , -
,  : 
    6  
   12  
, 
            
   . , : 
    6  100 
= . 
    6  100
 ,      ,  , :
      
III) == 
      
   
= . 
  
   
     ,   -
  
 ,    ,      -
   
 .      
  
   
 .       
   
              
 .         .   
     ,     , 
  .        
     .   ,    
     . ,      
     ,      20).  
     .      
    . 
20)       ,      , ,  
   ,   ( )     -
, ,    ,     (Turgot. Reflexions sur la Formation et la Distribution 
des Richesses, p. 11). 

 .  . .  .   544
,       ,   . .   
      .   -
,         ,    -
, ,   . .,       -
  .      ,   -
     . 

  
  
  
 ,   , 
     
          
 ,     ,    -
 .            -
    .   ,     , 
. .  ,       . 
    ?       
 .       ?  -
   .      , , -
  ?   12  ,    -
 ;    21). 
         ,     -
    
21) -      ,        
  ,      ,   .    
   ,    ,       , -
   ,  , , .  -      
     ,     , ,   
 ,      ,   ,  
  ;       ,    
  ,  .   ,     ,     -
    ,     ,  ,     
 ,     ([S. Bailey.] A Critical Dissertation on the Nature etc. of Value, p. 
50, 51). 

 .   
.           -
,      ,   22). 
        , . .  , 
       ,       
  ,     , 
      . , ,    12  
     6 .   ,  
     6 .       -
 .           -
  ,  6 .    ,       -
 ;          ,   
       .      12  
  6 ., . . ,  12  . 12    10, 6  
. .  .         -
 .          
      23). 
             
    ,      ,     
)
24.    ,        , 
   ,       
 .    6  . 
22)      ,         ,     
 ,     ,          
,    ;    ,     ,  -
,     ,    (Observations on certain Verbal Disputes etc., p. 75, 76). 
23)     ,  ,  ,   ,     
     ,    ...    -
  ,        ;   ... -
       .    ...     -
,     (. .    : A. Smith Wealth of Nations. London, 1836, v. 
I, p. 231, ).
24)    (   contrat social [ ]), 
  ,        ,  ()  
 ,   () (Simonde de Sismondi. De la Richesse Commerciale. Ceneve, 1803, t. 
I, p. 37). 

 XVII.    .     547
   ,         
3 ,        .    
   3       . 
 ,        ,  -
 ,     . 
         ,  
. ,   ,    .     
,     , ,     . 
      ,      25). 
         ,   
   .     , , , 
 .         -
.        .    -
      ,      -
,    26). 
         
   ,    :    ? 
 
25) ,   ...   ,     (Th. 
Hodgskin. Popular Political Economy, p. 186). 
26) ,       licentia poetica [ ] -
    .    :     -
,     ,      , ,  ,  
  .       . .,   :  -,  
 ,     . ,   , 
  -.         , 
  .        ,    , 
      ,  ,       -
         ( .  , . 34, 35 [. 
 ,  4, . 92]).  , ,      -
  .         ,  .  
, , . . .   ? : ,   .    ? -
:  ,   .    ...  ?     
  . ,   ,   ,    ,   -
    . ,   ,         
 . 

 .   
 ,          -
    ,       ,   , . . 
       .    -
   ,        .  
           .    
      ,       
,   ; -       -
  ,     .    -
        ,    , 
 ,            -
 ,  .   , ,   
,       .   , 
        ,  
   ()    (. ) , 
 ,     ,   ,   .  -
          -
   .     ,     -
 .      , . . , -
  ,      ?    -
      ,  , -
     ,        -
  . , ,      (value of labour),  
    ,       
     , ,      .  
         ,  
    ,   ,  ,  . ., -
   ,             
 ,       ,   ,   
  .       , -
    , 

 XVII.    .     549
    . .      
 ,    ,    
,   ,        
     ,    
   . 
  ,          -
      . 
  ,        
  ,      
. ,      12      
   3 .,    ,  -
   6  .    3 .,    -
  ,    12 .     -
       ,   : -
     3 .    ,  -
,  ,         .   -
      ,         -
 . 
           
,    ,       ,   
  ,        -
 ,        .  
     ,    12 , 
 3 .,  ,       -
 6 .       6 .,    -
   12 ,          -
 ,     .  ,  
,      ,  ,    6 ., 
    3 27). 
27) .    . , 1859, . 40,   ,    
   :       , -

 .   
  ,    3 .,      -
 , . .  ,   ,  ,  -
  ,       . ,  -
           -
,     .      .  
            
       ,    -
.        ,       
    ,      -
    ,    .     -
)
 28. ,      ,  -
,    .      -
   ,        . 
    ,       -
     , . .      .    
,         
,      ,   , 
    ,     
,      . 
     ,     
, , ,   ,   , raisons d'etre [, -
]   . 
         ,  
     .     ,  
 ,   .         
 , 
   ,    ,     , 
    ? [.  ,  13, . 48]. 
28) Morning Star,      ,      
    ,         ,  
    158  .       -
      , ,   -. 

 XVII.    .     551
     : do ut des, do ut facias, facio 
ut des  facio ut facias [,   , ,   , ,  
   ,   ]. 
:            -
,    ,      -
, , ,   ,  .  -
   ,     ,     
.          ,  
,  , ,    ,  , -
 . ,   .    
,      ,   ,  -
 ,  , ,   . .     ,  -
 ,     ,  ,   
   ,       . 
      ,      -
 ,   ,  3 .,    -
       3 .    
          ; -
  3 .  4    3 .  2; ,     
,           4 .  
  2 .,         12  .  
          
 ,  ,  12  .    . 
,      29),   :  
,    ,   ,    
 ,              
    . 
,   , .        
   
29)  ,     , .      . 

 .   
.             
,    .      -
           ,   
    . ,      -
,       ,   ,   -
    ,       ,  
      . 
        ,  
  ,      ,  -
  , . .  .         -
. -:        -
 .         ,    
 ,    ,        
 ,    . -:      
 ,      .    
      ,  ,      -
    ,      .   
  ,            , 
          ,   -
       ,        
  ,      . 
,    ,        -
,      ,  ,     
    ,      ,      
       .     
,    ,       -
.         -
 ,     .      ,   
  . 

 XVIII.    
  
   
   ,   ,   ,    
      ,     -
        .  
           , -
,     .      -
    . 
  ,        . -
   ,       
 ,     . .,     -
, . .   . .  . 
,  ,         -
           -
  .         
   ,    ,     -
      .      -
    ,      . 
        
. 
)
  30,      ,   . . , -
     , . .      
. , ,       , . .  
   , 
30)       . 

 .   
  ,     ,   . .  
      , . .    
       31).  ,    -
, ,       ,   . .  
  .     ,      ? 
    ,        
     . , ,     
 3 .,  ,    6  ,     
 12 ;      = 3 ./12 = 3 .   
        . 
 ,  ,   . .     -
,      . , ,   -
   10 ,       3 .,   
   33/5 ;    3 ,      12 
,   22/5 ,      15 .      -
   . ,      
,   ,        . , -
,           3 .  -
   33/5 .          
     12   ,      -
  3 . 71/5       .     
,     ,    32).  -
        
31)    ,      (Sir Edward West. Price of Corn and 
Wages of Labour. London, 1826, p. 67).     ,     
 : Essay on the Application of Capital to Land. By a Fellow of the University College of 
Oxford. London, 1815. 
32)            ...   -
       .        -
     ,   ,        
(West. Price of Corn and Wages of Labour. London, 1826, p. 67, 68, 112). ,   ,  -
  ,    . 

 XVIII.    
     .       -
  ,    ,   , -
    .  ,     , -
        33). 
   :      ,    . .  -
        , ,   , 
       ,       
. , ,   ,       
      . 
    ,    ,   
           .  
   12  ,       3 ., 
 ,    6  .     
   3 ,     6 .    
,      12    (  6   ), -
 6  8 ,           2  l1/2 . 
 34).           6  
 ,     ,    -
 ,             
  , 
33)       XVIII ,  -
   Essay on Trade and Commerce,      :  
,     (         ) -
       .      
 ,          ... -
 ,         ,    
  (. ., . 48  61). . .    Three Lectures on the Rate of Wages. 
London, 1830,      ,  , ,  ,  , : -
...        (. 15). ,    
 ,   ,    ,   ,   ,   
. 
34)   ,       , -
,     .      
          15-   6- .  
     ,   ,      15 , 
      ,      6 .  -
 ,           71/2,      
 3   . 

 .   
     ,  ,     -
       ,     12 -
.       ,    -
     ,     -
. 
    ,       , 
      ,    ,  -
   ,        ,   
           , -
      ,    -
 .        
    
     
, , ,    ,   
       .     -
  .       -
   ,      , -
    .      
 ,    ,    , 
         -
 .          -
       -    
.       , -
 ( 1860 .)        . -
        , , , -
     ,    ,  
    ,     . 
           
         .    
,     , . .  ,     
   .    
    
 
  

 XVIII.    
,     .   ,  -
,           
,    .     -
 ,        -
  ,        -
 (normal working day [  ], the day's work [ 
]  the regular hours of work [  ])    -
,      .  ,    , 
   (overtime)  ,        
  (extra pay),       -

35)
.          , 
        36).  
            -
     ,       
     ,      
  ,   ,   -

37)
. 
1
35)     (  )    /2  . .   
,           ,     
    ...       ,   -
,        (Children's Employment Commission. 
2nd Report, p. XVI,  117). 
36) ,        .      
,    101/2-     41/2  ,      
 ,     6  ;  ,   
      ( -   Children's Employment Commission. 1st 
Report, p. 125). 
37) , ,   :       ( 
   1862 .)    , . . 10   -
   .      1 . 2 .    -
  3  4   ,     3   -  -
: ,    ,    8 .  ...  -
       (Reports of Insp. of Fact. tor 30th April 1863, p. 
10).      ,      -
 (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1848, p. 5).       -
   1415 ,     ,    
  .            10, 11, 12    1 
 ,      ,    .   
(tempt)        ,      . 

 .   
       38). 
 ,         , 
   39).   .     -
      1839  1859 .,  ,   
,      ,   
,    ,   1415   ,  40). 
 :            -
  ,   ,     ,  -
           ,  -
        .     
    41). 
 , ,    ,   ,   
,          . 
    
     ,  
     
        ,     
.     ,     -
  
 ,        (Children's Employment 
Commission. 5th Report, p. 44,  191),  ,       -
     . 
38) . Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1863,  .      
  ,        1860 .     
      : 1)         
    9  10 ,   10-    ,   9-; 
2)      ,   ,   . 
39)    ,  ,       ,  
      (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1863, p. 9). , -
    ,      -
 (Public Health. 6th Report, 1864, p. 15). 
40) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 30th April I860, p. 31, 32. 
41) , ,         
    15   ,      . ,  
      ,   11   1 .,  21/23  
       ,  ,    (Children's Employment 
Commission. 3rd Report, p. 136,  671).         5 .  
 ( , . 137,  674). 

 XVIII.    
,   ,            
   ,         , 
. .    .      .  
        ,    
,     ,   ,  . 
,     ,    -
  ,      ,   ,    
)
  42.      , 
. .    ,    -
     .      
 .            .  
  .   ,    . 
 ,      ,   ,   
           , 
    .      
  ,    ,   - -
          -
 ,      .     
 ,          .     
     . 
      ,       -
   ,        ;       
    (and yet no more money is made),     43). 
    ,       -
  (the fullpriced bakers), 
42)  , ,        ,   
   - ,    ,        
 (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1848. Evidence, p. 39,  58). ...    
 ...    ...  ,     
   (Senior. Three Lectures on the Rate of Wages. London, 1830, p. 15). 
43) Children's Employment Commission. 3rd Report. Evidence, p. 66,  22. 

 .   
      (the underpriced, the undersellers). Fullpriced  -
        
: 
    , , -,   ( ), , 
-,  ,      18     ... 
  (the unpaid labour)    ,     ... -
  -   ,     . Underseller, 
     ,      , 
  ,         .     -
    ,    18  20, , ,       
.         ,      -
 ...   ,   undersellers,   ,   ., 
        ,    44). 
        ,   ,   
       . -
 ,         
           
 .         , -
         ,  -
,   ,     .     
 ,     ,    
.       (extra pay)   , 
     ,       
.   -  ,        -
   ,      . ,     
    3 , . .  ,   1/2 
 ,      4 , . .  ,   
2
/3  .          
 ,      . 
44) Report etc. relative to the grievances complained of by the Journeymen Bakers. London, 1862, p. LII,    
  479, 359, 27. ,  fullpriced,            
,       11         
 7    ( , . 22). 

 XIX.    
  
   
      ,     -
 ,           
    . 
         ,   -
 ,   ,      ,  
 ,  ,    ,      -
    
       ,  
     
   ,   45). 
           
   ,         -
       . , , 
 ,  ,    ,   
    . ,       
 ,   .      -
 ,       46). 
45)         :     
   ,    ,   , -
           .   -
   ,         (John Watts. 
Trade Societies and Strikes, Machinery and Co-operative Societies. Manchester, 1865, p. 52, 53).    
 ,             -
  .    -         1842 .  
 : Facts and Fictions of Political Economists,  ,  ,   
.    . 
46) . J. Dunning. Trade's Unions and Strikes. London, I860, p. 22. 

 .   
             
,    .       ,  
    ,     -
        47).    
 ,            -
,            -
 ,  . 
      12 ,   6   6  . 
         6 ., , -
       6 . , ,  ,  , -
      , , -
        ,  
  12  24  ,     ,  
         .  
    24          
   6 .,      3 .   
11/2    , ,  3 .  12 .    
   ,   ,    6    
 6  ,  ,        ,   -
  ,       ,   ,   -
   ,    ,    12   
   ,     12    
. 
47)   ,           -
  :    400 ,    
      .  200   -
,            ...   200 
   1/2          50 ,  5/6    
,        (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 
1860, p. 9).   -   ,    -
            -
.        ...      
,    ,     (   Reports of 
Insp. of Fact. tor 30th April 1859, p. 8, 9). 

 XIX.    
       ,     -
.    , ,        -
  , ,      ,  6 
,      3 .     -
      .    -
       , , ,  -
       .   -
      ,   -
     ,      -
48).     ,   , -
:    =    .  , -
         . 
       . 
      ,     -
     ,     . 
         -
    . 
       .   -
 ,     ,   -
 ,         -
.         -
 ,    . .,    ,   . .,  
     6 .      , 
 .   ,    . .     
 ,         . .,     
    .         -
  . .     
48)      :      -
 (Abrege elementaire des principes de l'Economie Politique. Paris, 1796, p. 32).    -
  . . 

 .   
 ,          
,   49). 
           
,         .   
         ,    
    .     .  
 ,        -
 ,    (subletting of labour).  -
        ,  -
,     ,     50).  
      sweating system ( ).  
 ,          
    ,       . .,      
           -
,          . -
          
)
 51. 
    ,  ,     
        , ,   , 
      51a).   
   
49)  ()  -         -
  -       ,    -
       .     ,   -
 ;      ,    ,   -
      (Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 316, 317). 
50)       ,      ,   
    ,  ,   , -
  (Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report, p. LXX,  424). 
51)    :       ,   
 ,   , ,     ,  -
 ,   ,         -
 ,      (John Watts. Trade Societies and Strikes, Machinery and Cooperative 
Societies. Manchester, 1865, p. 53).  ,    , . Chil-
dren's Employment Commission. 3rd Report, p. 66,  22; p. 11,  124; p. XI,  13, 53, 59  . . 
51a)       . , ,  -
      :     
   ,       .   
          ,     ,    
       ,   ...    
       -,    
 ,      (stinting the action, superior skill and working 
power) (Dunning, . ., . 22, 23).         -,    
  .  , ,    -
 . . ,    ,          
   . 

 XIX.    
     ,         
  52).   ,    -
  ,     ,    ,   -
   ,       . 
    ,   ,  
      ;    ,     -
   ,       -
     ,       
  ,    ,     . 
,         -
    , , ,   . .  -
53). ,           
. -,   ,     -
,            
 ,    ,   , -
      . -,   
      ,   -
     -
52)  ,    ...      -
  .          
     (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1858, p. 9).    
,    ...    ,    -
       4  5 ,    ,   
  .     ,     
(Children's Employment Commission. 1st Report, p. XIII). 
53)   -      -  , ...  
           ...    
    ...       
       (Dunning, . ., . 17). 

 .   
     .  ,  
  ,  ,   ,    
 ,  ,     -
, ,   ,     .   -
 ,       ,   
     .  ,     
         -
 ,          -
    .   , ,  1860 .  
     54). ,    
     55). 
   ,       , 
    .   -
 - ,        , 
 ,       XIV ,  , , 
        
54)  -   ,   (a la journee ou a la piece)... 
  ,        ,  -
      ;     
,   ,      (tillon. Essai sur la Nature 
du Commerce en general, ed. Amsterdam, 1756, p. 185, 202.     1755 .).  -
, ,     ,     . ,   -
         . -
       ,     ,   
  The Analysis of Trade, Commerce etc. by Philip Cantillon, late of the City of London, Merchant, 
     ( 1759 .),         
 . , ,       ,   , 
,     .     ,   -
       ,   -
  . .,     .      , , 
   taken chiefly from the Manuscript of a very ingenious Gentleman deceased, and adapted etc. [-
       ,  ,  
 . .],  ,   ,    159. 
55)            , 
       .      - -
 ,     ;     ,   -
  ,      ,    ,    
    (H. Gregoir. Les Typographes devant le Tribunal Correctionnel de Bruxelles, 
Bruxelles, 1865, p. 9). 

 XIX.    
   .  17971815 .,    -
    ,       -
      .     -
          : Report and Evidence from 
the Select Committee on Petitions respecting the Corn Laws (  1813 
1814 .)  Reports from the Lords' Committee, on the state of the Growth, Commerce, and 
Consumption of Grain, and all Laws relating thereto ( 18141815 .).    
        ,  
  . ,         
, ,      ,    , 
  . 
       ,   :    -
   ,   ,    .  -
 ,          -
 ,       56). 
        -
        ,  
 ,   ,     -
  . 
     ,    -
.      12 .,    ,   -
 ,    ,    1  2 . , 
  ,        ,       
,       ...    ,   
           ,   -
,   ,      ,     ,  
  ,     57). 
     ,  : 
,          . -
   1214    
56) Remarks on the Commercial Policy of Great Britain. London, 1815, p. 48. 
57) A Defence of the Landowners and of Farmers of Great Britain. London, 1814, p. 4, 5. 

 .   
              
58). 
 ,    ,    
  ,          
59). 
      ,  -
     . ,     , 
        .    
  24      12 , ,  -
  12 ,  6 .,     3 .,   
 3     11/2   .       
/2  .         48   -
 24, , ,   ,     -
  ,      11/2   3/4 ,   -
     1/2  ,   1/4 . 11/2  . 24 = 3 . 
 3/4  . 48 = 3 .  ,       
,      ,       
 60), ,    ,     , 
   .    ,     
 ,        -
:  ,         -
  ,   ,  
58) Malthus. Inquiry into the Nature etc. of Rent. London, 1815. 
4
59) ,   , , , /5    (Rep. of 
Insp. of Fact. for 30th April 1858, p. 9). 
60)       ,     , -
   ,      ,        (Ure. 
Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 317).         -
 .  , ,          
. ,      ,     . : 
         1/5.    -
,           ,    ;   
       1/5,         -
   ,  ...     ...    -
     -    ...   
   ( , . 320, 321),         
 . 

 XIX.    
       , 
   ,         
, ,     ,     ,    
    ,     -
    . 
               
  61). 
           -
)
   62.        
      ,    
       63). 
61) H. Fawcett. The Economic Position of the British Labourer. Cambridge and London, 1865, p. 178. 
62)    Standard  26  1861 .          
ʰ,     -        .  
   ,   240            
 (!),     160 .        
 ,    ,       -
 .   , .       11/2   
1   ,           ,  . 
     ,  ,  ,     
. 
63) -,      ,   
  ,    ! (!..)       
,   ...  :      -
 (On Combination of Trades. New Edit., London, 1834, p. 42). 

 .   
  
     

      ,    
      (. .     -
)    ,  ,    
,      ,   , -
64)     .    ,   -
           -
           . 
,            
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         ,  -
     :       -
   ,   ,  -
   ,  ,     -
.           
           -
.         
    ,          
    . 
64)     ,    (     ) ,  
         (     Wealth o. 
Nations . . 1814 ., . I, . 417, ). 

 XX.      
       ; ,  -
   ,        
,      ,      -
 .    ,     
,         -
 .      ,    
  .        ; 
  ,  .    ,  , , 
        . , 
           
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. 
         
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  64a). ,       
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. 
             -
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64a)     ,         -
        . 

 .   
,   . .      ,   ,   
  , . .         -
 ,    ,   65). 
. . ,    1833 .,    -
,   ,  
           ,   ,   
        (Ure. Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 314). 
         31  
1866 .         , 
  ,         -
  ,     ,  . -
 (manager)      ,   -
   ,    ,  5  30    8 
 ,       -  
  ,      10 ,    
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,      50%,   ,    -
 ,  ;         5:3. 
-         
.       manager,     
.    ,    ,    
       . 
65)   ,   . :   ,     
     ,        ,   -
      ,    .    , -
    ,    ,       . -
   ,          -
,                -
 ,    ,   ,          
 ,   ... ,  ,    ,   
...             (James Anderson. Observations on 
the means of exciting a spirit of National Industry etc., Edinburgh, 1777, p. 350, 351).  ,  -
  ,   ,  .    ,   ...   -
,       ( 2074  Royal Commission on Railways, Minutes, 1867). 

 XX.      
, , ,        
 .    ,       
  ,      ,   
   ,    .   -
     -      -
,            . 
-   ,             
        ,   -
 .   ,       
   ,        -
      
  ........................................................................ 12 600
 . 
  ................................................................... 8 000
 ......................................................................... 7 000
  ...................................................................... 4 500
  ......................................................................... 4 000
  ..................................................................... 1 500
  ........................................................................ 1 500
      
  ........................................................................... 14
 ................................................................................. 28
 .............................................................................. 37
  .............................................................................. 46
 .............................................................................. 49
 ............................................................................... 50
  ........................................................................... 50
     ......................... 55
  ........................................................................ 55
  ............................................................... 74
 ,   - ,      , 
     ,   ,      ,  
     ,          -
,    . ,       .  
      ,         , 
 -  2200     (minder)      

 .   
 220     400  () (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 
1866, p. 3137 passim). 
 ,             
            -
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,            -
 ,     (   )  -
    . 
     66)       -
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          -
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  ,         
  .     
,       -
    ,       
  ,   ,      -
 , , -      -
 ,    -
66) Ess on the Rate of Wages: with an Examination of the Causes of the Differences in the Conditions of the Labouring 
Population throughout the World. Philadelphia, 1835. 

 XX.      
 ,         , 
alias []    .   ,    
  ,      -
  ,      
,  ,      
         !  , ,  
         
  .      , ,  ,  , 
       .  -
,        , -
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   -       
. 

  
  
 
           
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 .    
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,     , . .    -
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. 

 .    
   
  
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           . 
|,      . -
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 XXI.   
, . .    .    
     ,     -
  . , ,     100 . . -
           20 . .,    
         . .    
 ,     , -
    ,   1). 
       ,     -
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  .          
 ,          
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    . 
          
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   ,         , -
 ,   . .      ,    -
          ,    
. ,     ,    
     ,      -
 , . .  ,   ,     
      ,        ,   -
  .         II 
 ,        2).   
 ,   
1) ,    ,        -
 ( ).  ,       ...    
        ... , -
     ,    ,      ,  
   .    ,    (Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes 
d'Economie Politique, t. I, p. 81, 82). 
2)  ...   ,   ,      -
  (G. Ramsay, . ., . 142).  ,      
 (James Mill. Elements dEconomie Politique, traduits de l'anglais par Parisot. Paris, 1823, p. 34). 

 .    
 ,          . 
,       .     
    .        
   ,        -
.              -
        . , -
  ,   ,       
         .  -
           -
  ,     .   -
       ,   -
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     . 
,          -
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    .      -
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  3).   .     -
     , , 3   .   -
 3         .   
    ,        
     ,        
.           -
   .      ,  , , 
    
3)         ,      
,     (        
Definitions in Political Economy. London, 1853, p. 22). 

 XXI.   
  ,       
   .         ,  
 , 6     3   , 3    ,  
  .  ,   ,      
 ,     .  ,   ,   
     .       
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    ,            
       4). 
    ,     ,  
   4a),    ,    -
       .  -  
-     . ,     , 
      ,  ,     
     -  , -
    ,         -
   .       
 ,   ,     -
,      ,      . 
  ,  ,  ,  
 1000 . .,  200 . .        -
   ,  ,           
  
4)            -
   (Richard Jones. Text-book of Lectures on the Political Economy of Nations. Hertford, 1852, 
p. 36). 
4a)        ,   -
     ,           
      ,       (A. Smith, . 
., . II, . III, . 311). 

 .    
   200 . 5,       
1000  .        -
,   ,        -
      ,   100 . 10 = 1000.  
  ,      
,   ,    ,    -
     , , . 
 ,        -
,  ,     
,      .      
       , -
          ,     -
    . ,     -
,    ,    , ,   . ., 
  ,      .      -
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,    ,    ,    -
        .  ,   
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          . 
     ,       , -
    

 XXI.   
  .     ,      
          ,   
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   ,       . , 
     ,      -
         ,   
  . 
     ,     -
 ,   ,       
     .   -
,        ,  
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,          ,      
:    ,      ,  -
     .          
    ,       ,    
       .    -
          ,   -
      ,    ,   ,  
 ,  ,   ,   ,  
 ,   5).  ,   
     ,   , -
      ,       
     ,      
  , ,      -
,   ,     6).   -
 
5)       .  -
        (James Mill. Elements d'Economie Politique,p. 
242).       ,       . 
6)  , ,        ;    
  ,         -
 (Reasons for a limited Exportation of Wool. London, 1677, p. 19).   ,  
  .        (Reasons for the late Increase of the Poor-
Rates: or a comparative View of the Prices of Labour and Provisions. London, 1777, p. 31). 

 .    
    conditio sine qua non [ ] -
 . 
    .       
          ,  
  .     .     
      ,   .   , 
  ,       ,   
 .     . , -
        .  -
         ;   
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.     ,    
  . 
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     ,       ,    
 .         
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     7). 
  ,          
,      ,    ,  
          .  -
       ,       
.      .       ,  
   ,    ,    . ,    
7)         ,        
 . 

 XXI.   
  ,    ,     
 , , ,  ,   ,   
  . ,     
          
,       ,   ,   
    .      -
       .  , -
         
   ,       ,   
. .,     ,         
   ,           -
  .      ,   -
      ,    .  
          -
 ,       ,   .   
        -
.         , -
      .     ,   
      , ,  
  ,    ,      
     8). 
    , ,    -
      ,    
  ,     ,   
   ;  ,     ,   -
 
8)    ,    ( ,    ) -
  ,            180200    
 450 ,     ;      ,    -
     : ,          ,  -
   ;    ,   (Liebig. Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf 
Agrikultur und Physiologie, 7. Aufl, 1862, 1. Theil, S. 194, ). 

 .    
,   9).     -
    , ,    -
 ,        ,  -
     10).   , . -
     ,      
   ;       , 
     ,   11). 
,           -
       ,     .  
           
 .     ,     -
       ,   ,   -
     .   , 
  ,     ,   ,. -
  ,        
.     ,       
 .     ,   
-  ,   ,   fictio juris [-
 ] . 
    ,    ,    
      . , ,  
1815 .          -
. 
           
   -
9) James Mill. Elements d'Economie Politique, p. 238 sqq. 
10)       ,     ,    -
  ,    ,   .    (Ricardo. 
Principles of Political Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 163). 
11)           -
    (      ) -
   ... ...     ,  
,   , ,  ,     (Malthus. Definitions in Political Economy. London, 
1853, p. 30). 

 XXI.   
12).          
            -
   ,    ,  -
-       .  , 
          -
          -
  .            
         -
        . Times 
  (24  1863 .)   ,   -
  .         -
 13).         ,  
            -
. 
   ,      ...   
 ,  ,   ,          
...     ...  (. .  )  
    ,      ;   
 ,       ,   ...    
   ,    ,   , ,  , . 
     ,    -
,           -
 ,    ,    1860 .  5/13   
           ,  
,       6   .  -
: 
12)  ,    ,      ,  -
 ...     ,   ,   
         (Hodgskin. Labour Defended etc., p. 
12, 13). 
13)        (:    -
 ,    27  1863 .). 

 .    
  , ,  ,      ...     -
 ,      ,   ?        
 (     )         
 ?  ,   .   ,     (I allow that the workers are 
not a property),     ,     ;   -
 ,        ; ,  ,  ,   
  (the mere machinery which they work),          
     14).         
  (!),     ? (Encourage or allow the working power to emigrate, and 
what of the capitalist?      160). ...   ,   
      ,       -
    ...  ,     . 
     ... ,   ,     
  (by taking away its working power), , ,  1/3,   5 ,  -
   ,       ,   ,   
?     ,     ?..   , 
 ,  ? , ,     -
     ,           
         ?     5 
6 ,        ;      
 ,       ;  
    ,       
  ,  ...    -    -
   (can anything be worse for landowners or masters),       
           -
    ? 
,     ,   
 ,  -
14)  ,            , 
      .     (.  -
,  188, . 389 [.  , . 434]):     ,   
         ;   
     ,     ,   ;   
       ,        -
.   (,    ,        12 -
)         ,      ( 
 ,          30 ),     6 
       . 

 XXI.   
 :      ,      
   .   ,   .   
      ,    -
        ,   
          . -
 , ,  ,    ,   , -
 ,    . Times      -
   : 
- .          -
 ,             
       .     
,   ?   - . ,   ,   -
.       ?    - .   -
  .   -    ;  ,    
    .   ,        
    , . .    ,      
.       ,        
.     ,    ,      
     .  , -   , ,   -
     , ,       , 
    , ,  ,     
  ,   ... -      -
  1, 2, 3               !  
  , ,   , ;   ,     
    700000 ,    ,   ,  -
  ,   ,     ,   -
  ,      ,    ,     
 ...  ,        
 -,       ,      ,    
,    (to save this working power from those who would deal with it as they deal with iron, 
coal and cotton)15). 
 Times   jeu d'esprit [ ].     
   - ,      -
 
15) Times, 24  1863 . 

 .    
 .   16).    -
    ,   -   
(the strength)   . 
,        -
     .        
 .        , 
 ,       ,  17). 
            
   .       
             
       .    -
   ,     .   -
18)        
,    -    
)
  19. 
16)        ,    ,  -
        ,   ,   
  .  ,   ,  ,  , 
      ,      
-,            
  .        1866 . ,    
 ,    ,  ,    . 
17)    ,  ,   ,    
(Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes d'Economie Politique, Parts, t. I, p. 91). 
18) -        .       
,             -
.        .  
,    ,       .    -
  .        .    
hind's houses [ ].         -
,  ,    bondage [ ] ,  , -
    ,      ,        . .  -
  bondsman, . . .         -
      ,   . -
 ,     bondsman       
...       ,  ,    ,   
          (Public Health. 7th Report 1864, p. 
188). 
19) ,       . .    . 

 XXI.   
,   ,    -
,    ,    ,    
,       ,  -
   ,     20). 
20)    ,     .   -
  ;     .       
  ?    .   ,    
      ,       
( .      Neue Rheinische Zeitung  266, 7  1849 . [.  
,  6, . 444]). ,   Neue Rheinische Zeitung   , -
          1847 .      161; 
     . 

 .    
   
     
1.    
  .   
     
  
  ,       , 
 ,       . -
     ,     
  ,   21). 
        . , -
,      10000 . .,    4/5   , 
  . .  1/5    . ,     240000 
.    12000  .      100% 
    ,  , ,  
40000 . ,     ,   2000 . .,  -
   .    2000 . .     2000 
 .   ,       ,    -
 .  ,      ,  
,        ,      
  . 
 ,  ,       -
     2000 . .,       4/5   
   . .  1/5    -,   -
    ,     .    
 
21)           (Malthus. Definitions etc., 
ed. Cazenove, p. 11).     (Malthus. Principles of Political Economy. 2nd ed. London, 
1836, p. 320). 

 XXII.      
 2000 . .      ,   ,  -
   400  . 
       ; , 
         
.    ,   ,    
    ,      
  . ,    ,  ,   
   ,   ,      
    .      -
    ,       -
          .     
,      . 
     ,        
,          .     -
   ,       , . .   
   ,         -
,    ,  -     
   . ,   ,  
       ,    
  ,        ,    
 .        -
 ,  ,  ,    ,     
 . 
         ( 
),          -
,    .      ,  , 
,     .      -
 ?  ,  ,    -
    ,  , ,  ,   -
 ?     ,         
,        . 

 .    
   ,       -
. ,   ,       ,  -
     , . .  , , ,  , 
    , . .  . , 
          
        ,   
   .  ,    -
     ,   ,    
,         21a). 
         , 
      .    -
        ,    -
   .        -
 :      ,    
,         ,     
.         
   ,         
 ,      ,  -
     . ,  , -
 ,       . -
     ,   162,  
21b). 
     .    :   , 
  163  . .    10000 . .   
  2000 . .,  .    2000 . .  
  
21a)      ,        
        .      -
     ,    ,      -
     ,       
   . 
21b)  ,  ,    ,    -
   :    ,       
. 

 XXII.      
 400 . .,     , . .   -
  ,  -      80 
. .,  . . 
       ,    
.         ,   
          ,  -
   ;       ,  
 ,        .     -
,         
            -
            -
. 
     10000  . -
    ?         !  
     21c),    -
     ,    -
  . 
        2000  . 
       .    
 .             
,        .  ,  
    ,    ,   
    ,         
,   ,        -
.           ,  
  ,      ,       
     ,       
,     . 
       ,   ,  
         
21c)  ,       (Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes 
d'Economte Politique. ed. Paris, t. I, p. 109). 

 .    
           
    ,     .     
       ,      -
  ,      ,    ,  
  .   ,     -
  ,          
   .        -
      ,       -
  22).     ,  :   -
. 
      2000 . .   -
  10000 . .,         
 . ,      400 . 
.    ,    ,  2000 . ., -
       400  -
.         -
         .  
  ,     . 
  ,       I,  -
       ,  ,  
           
,       ,  -
       ;   -
  II  . .       I, . .   
  ;         
     , . .     
 ,     ,     ,    -
 ,   ,   ,    -
,       , -
22)   ,      (. G. Wakefield. England and America, 
London, 1833, v. II, p. 110). 

 XXII.      
  , ,      -
.  ,    , -
  ,        ;  -
 ,  ,    , -,    -
   ,   ; -,     
    ,     .  -
     ,  ,  , -
  ,  ,     -
    .        . -
    ,       , 
    ,       -
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,    .   ,      
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    (Cherbuliez. Richesse ou Pauvrete. Paris, 1841, p. 58. ,  -
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 XXII.      
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. 
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Nouveaux Principes d'Economie Politique, t. I, p. 70). 
,   ,  ,   ,   ,  
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Principes d'Econonue Politique, t. I, p. 135). 
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 XXII.      
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 26).   ,     , ,  , 
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25) , . .  ,      (Malthus. Principles 
of Political Economy [p. 262]). ...   ,       
   (R. Jones.Text-book of Lectures on the Political Economy of Nations. Hertford, 1852, 
p.16).
26)   ,   (The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties. A 
Letter to Lord John Russel. London, 1821). 
27)            -
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 Economist, 19  1851 .). 

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 (Malthus. Principles of Political Economy, p. 38, 39). 
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 XXII.      
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30) Ricardo. Principles of Political Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 163, . 

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 XXII.      
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 37);      
35) Dr. Aikin. Description of the Country from 30 to 40 miles round Manchester. London, 1795, p. 182 sqq. 
36) A. Smith. Wealth of Nations, . III, ch. III. 
171
37)  . .  :      .   
     ...   ,       -
,    ,         (Sismondi. Etudes etc., t. I, p. 24). 

 XXII.      
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and the passion for accumulation)38).  ,     -
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quite fair)         ,   ,   
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,     39). 
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. 
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38) Malthus. Principles of Political Economy, p. 319, 320.
39) An Inquiry into those Principles respecting the Nature of Demand etc., p. 67.

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40) An Inquiry into those Principles respecting the Nature of Demand etc., p. 59. 
41) ) Senior. Principes fondamentaux de l'Economie Politique, trad. Arrivabene. Paris, 1836, p. 309.  -
       . -       
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,      (      
: Definitions in Political Economy. London, 1853, p. 130, ). , -  .  
      ,       -
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,   . 
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    . .        : Determinatio est 
negatio172. 
42) Senior,  , . 342. 

 XXII.      
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Potter. New-York, 1841, p. 133)173. 
44) ,    ,     ,  -
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 (G. de Molinari. Etudes Economiques. Paris, 1846, p. 36). (    
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46)   ,      , -
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Jones. Text-book etc., p. 16, 21). 

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previous process of accumulation)47).   ,  ,   -
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47)  , . 36  . 

 XXII.      
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       ,     (Observations on certain Verbal Disputes 
etc., p. 74). 
49) J. St. Mill. Essays on some unsettled Questions of Political Economy. London, 1844, p. 90. 

 .    
  50). ,  ,  : 
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),      :   ,  ,  ,  -
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50) An Essay on Trade and Commerce. London, 1770, p. 44.    Times   1866 . 
   1867 .      ,    
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1867 .,    . 
51)  , . 44, 46. 
52)       ,  ,  
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53) An Essay on Trade and Commerce. London, 1770, p. 70, 71. 
  3 .      ,   ,  -
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         ,      -
 (Times, 3  1873 .).     ,  ,    
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 XXII.      
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5 . , 5 . ,  3  ,  1  ,  1  ,  2    , 
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      ,   56). 
54) Benjamin Thompson. Essays political, economical and philosophical etc.. 3 vol. London, 17961802, v. 1, p. 
294.    The State of the Poor, or an History of the Labouring Classes in England etc.  . .  
           -
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   ,     ,    ,  ,  , ,   -
,     (and that very comfortably too) (. ., . I, . II, . II, . 503). 
     XIX .   ,   , 
,          .  ,   ,  
, ,  (Charles . Parry, . D. The Question of the Necessity of the existing 
Cornlaws considered. London, 1816, p. 69).     , ,     
  (1815 .)        (1797 .).
55)          
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,  34  ,   34  , ,   31   
    ,  , , ,   . .,   
      . 
56) G. L. Newnham (barrister at law). A Review of the Evidence before the Committees of the two Houses of 
Parliament on the Cornlaws. London, 1815, p. 20, . 

 .    
 1814 .         . , 
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57) G. L. Newnham (barrister at law). A Review of the Evidence before the Committees of the two Houses of 
Parliament on the Cornlaws. London, 1815, p. 19, 20. 
58) Ch. H. Parry. The Question of the Necessity of the existing Cornlaws considered. London, 1816, p. 77, 69. 
 ,   ,          -
,      ,    .  18    , -
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,          ,   (J. . Say. 
Lettres a M. Malthus. Paris, 1820, . 168, 169). ,     ,   -
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 XXII.      
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,    ,     ( , . 170).   
        Lettres :    -
 (those affected ways of talking)   ,  -         
    ,        .  -
:  -      ,    ,   -
,    ,        .  ,  , 
      ,    ,      -
 (An Inquiry into those Principles respecting the Nature of Demand etc., p. 110). 

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61) -    wages of past labour [   ]  , 
      wages of abstinence [  ]. 

 XXII.      
5.    
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, -     XIX 62). 
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   63). 
62) .,  , J. Bentham. Theorie des Peines et des Recompenses, trad. Et. Dumont, 3eme ed. Paris, 
1826, t. II, I. IV, ch. 2. 
63)      .    ,        -
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. .     ,   nulla dies sine linea174,   .  
      . ,    -    . 
64)   ...       -
       ,     -
...  ...  ...      ...   , 
      ,         -
   ,    ;    -
,             ,  -
,      (S. Bailey. Money and its Vicissitudes, p. 58, 70).   
       . 
65) . .     Principles of Political Economy [b. II, ch. 1,  3]:   -
        :     ,    
,      ,     ,  ,   
,      ,         . 
,       ,    -
        .   -
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 XXII.      
         
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66)    ,         -
   .     .      -
       ,   .  -
        . 
67) H. Fawcett, Prof. of Polit. Econ. at Cambridge. The Economic Position of the British Labourer. London, 1865, 
p. 120. 
68)  , . 122, 123. 
69)  ,        ,       
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,     70). 
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,        .   1696 .   
: 
  -  100000  ,          , 
      ,        ,   ?     
  ,    ,   ...     71). 
         XVIII : 
,     ,      ,   , 
    ?..      ,  ,     
,     .   -      
     ,    ,     -
   :  ,   ,        ,  
    ;        ,  
70)  .     [.  ,  6].    -
 ,   ,      (Colins. L'Economie Politique, Source des Revolutions 
et des Utopies pretendues Socialistes. Paris, 1857, t. III, p. 331).     
     ,       
  ,          -
 ,     .        
 .            
,    ,   ,  . ,   . 
       ,      ,     .  
   ,             
,        .     
-  ,   .     . 
71) John Bellers. Proposals for raising a College of Industry. London, 1696, p. 2. 

 XXIII.      629
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      ,     .   
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72). 
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         -
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 .         ;  -
    73).   ,       
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...   
72) B. de Mandeville. (The Fable of the Bees, 5th ed. London, 1728, , . 212, 213, 328.) -
            (   -
           )   -
   (. .   ,       
) (An Essay on Trade and Commerce. London, 1770, p. 54). 
73)     :     ?    -
  ,  ,        , 
, ,     .      -
 Esprit des loix [ ] : L'esprit des loix, c'est la propriete [   
 ]175. 

 .    
    ,       (a state of easy and 
liberal dependence),  ,  ,       
,    ...   ,      , 
    74). 
 ,  . .       ,   
)
XVIII  - 75. 
74) Eden, . ., . I, . I, . I, . 1, 2  , . XX. 
75)     ,   Essay on Population   1798 .,   -
,           ,  -  -
-   ,   , , ,   . .   -
    .  ,   ,  -
  .        
:  ,    XVIII ,    -
            ,  
    ,         
   . ,     ,    
,            , 
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 ,        .      fellowship 
[]    .      . 
,  - ,        (Reports of Cambridge University 
Commission, p. 172).         , -
,        ,     
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            -
. ,    ,  , urgent appetite [-
 ], the checks which tend to blunt the shafts of Cupid [,   -
  ],     ,       
       , , .  -
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    .     Theorie du Systeme animal. Leyde, 
1767,               
        -;   ,  ,     
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, .    XVIII    - ,     , 
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  ,   ,   , :    -
 ,       ,      ,   
  .   ,         
  ,    ,   ,   (not to breed 
more Churchmen),       (benefices); . .       
 12000 ,      24000  (it will not be safe to breed 24000 

 XXIII.      631
       ,  -
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  ,    , . .    
            -
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  peculium176        -
,       
ministers),  12000       ,     -
    ,       ,   12000    
,          ,      ? (Petty. A 
Treatise of Taxes and Contributions. London, 1667, p. 57).        
  .   A Letter to A. Smith, LL. D. On the Life, Death and Philosophy of 
his Friend David Hume. By One of the People called Christians, 4th ed. Oxford, 1784,    -
,  ,   .   ,         -
    (. . ),      ,       
          :    ,    
,     ,         -
,      .    :  
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    ? ( , . 8).    ,  ,  
 ( , . 17).      (the atrocious wickedness),  -
    (   Theory of moral sentiments) ...    , 
 !   ,     .       -
,     (cordial)       
 ...          ! ( 
, . 21, 22).     .     :  -
   ...    ...       .     ,  
   ,    .     ,     ...   -
      (The Bee. By James Andersen. 18 vols. Edinburgh, 
17911793, vol. III, p. 166, 165).  .   .   ,     -
    ,      ,    
    . 

 .    
       .    
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76)   2 .     ,    -
    ,            ... 
     ,       ,  
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 (John Wade, . ., . 240). 

 XXIII.      633
    ,        
;     ,  ,   . , 
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     (Wealth of Nations, I [  ], . 189). 
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 ,         

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162  .]. 

 XXIII.      635
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[Wealth of Nations], . I, . 8).          -
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77a)        ,   ...     
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II. Rostock, 1863, S. 5, 6).    ,    .     . 

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 XXIII.      637
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 XXIII.      639
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 XXIII.      641
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 XXIII.      643
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 XXIII.      645
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78)        : 
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  1851 . 2011447,  1861 .  1924110,  87337.  ;  1851 . 102714,  
1861 . 79242;  :  1851 . 111940,  1861 . 101678; :  1851 . 12098,  1861 . 
12556,    ,     ,   
    ; :  1851 . 15957,  1861 . 13814;  
   :  1851 . 20393,  1861 . 18176; :  1851 . 10566,  1861 . 10677;  
 :  1851 . 4949,  1861 . 4686,     ,  , 
  ; :  1851 . 2038,  1861 . 1478;  :  1851 . 
30552,  1861 . 31647,       ; :  
1851 . 26940,  1861 . 26130,     ;      
:  1851 . 31360,  1861 . 32041. ,     :  
1851 . 371777,  1861 . 456646;   :  1851 . 183389,  1861 . 246613.   -
    1851 .     ,          
  (Census of England and Wales for 1861, vol. III. London, 1863, p. 3539). 
79)       ,    -
            
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(John Barton. Observations on the Circumstances which influence the Condition of the Labouring Classes of Society. 
London, 1817, p. 16, 17).    ,      ,  -

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Economy, 3 ed. London, 1821, p. 469).     ( )  -
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a Course of Lectures on the Wages of Labor.] London, 1833, p. 12).  ( )  ... -
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(G. Ramsay, . ., . 90, 91). 

 XXIII.      647
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80) . Merivale. Lectures on Colonization and Colonies. London, 1841 and 1842 v. I, p. 146. 
81) Malthus. Principles of Political Economy, p. 215, 319, 320.     , ,  
 ,    : , -
, ,  three very delicate monsters indeed! [   !]. . . -
.        Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher, , 
1844, . 107  . [.  ,  1, . 563568]. 

 XXIII.      649
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    ,     beau ideal [ ]  
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82) Harriet Martineau. A Manchester Strike. London, 1832, p. 101. 

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      ,   ,      -
 (condemned to forced idleness).     ,       
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    ,      ,    -
 ;   ,       ,     
       (Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 
1863, p. 8).   Essay on Trade and Commerce      -
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(idleness)         .    -
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           ;  ;   

 XXIII.      651
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    ,      (An Essay on Trade and Commerce
. London, 1770, p. 27, 28).       . 

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84) Economist, 21  1860 . 

 XXIII.      653
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 XXIII.      655
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85)        1866 .     80  90  ,   
     : -,     ,  
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(Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1866, p. 81). 
85a) ,        14  1875 . . -
,      {  (1883)  . . .}. 

 XXIII.      657
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86)   1861 .      781   10960998 ,     -
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       .      -
    (Census etc., v. III, p. 11, 12). 

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:       ,     . 

 XXIII.      659
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 , . .   ,      
 . 
    88)    
 ,  
88)  ,         ,    -
 ,      ,  ,   
   ;       ,    , -
   ;       ,     -
 ,    ,  ,      , 
. .   ,         
       ( .  , . 116 
[.  ,  4, . 144]). 

 XXIII.      661
        , ,   ,  -
    . 
  ,     XVIII ,  
       -
 . 
           (il bene 
ed il male economico in una nazione sempre all'istessa misura),       ,  -
    (la copia de beni in alcuni sempre eguale alla mancanza di essi in altri).   
          
.     ,      .  -
89).
   .           . .
  10    -    
        . 
        ,   , 
        , ,  ,  ,   -
      ,     . 
,    ,       -
, ,   ,     ,   -
  . 
-,   ,       (improvident) 
(. .  ,        ),     
   (that there always may be some)    ,    
.    (the stock of human happiness)    , 
   (the more delicate)         
    . .         , -
    ,       90). 
89) G. Ortes. Della Economia Nationale libri sei 1774,   , Parte Moderna, t. XXI, p. 69, 22, 25 
etc.   , . 32, :      ,    
,      . 
90) A Dissertation on the Poor Laws. By a Well-wisher to Mankind (The Rev. Mr. Townsend), 1786,  
 , 1817, . 15, 39, 41.   ,   ,      , 
      ,     ,    
     . ,  , , . ,   : 

 .    
     ,  ,   
  ,  ,   
 ,    , ,    
      ,        
  . 
  ,   ,      ... -
   ,    ,        
,        ,        
,      (!)    . .91). 
    ,        
         ?  
   :  ? 
    ,   ,     -
   ,      .        
,    ,        ,    
   .   ,  (. . )      -
 ,      ,   ,    
       ,    ...    
     ;        ,   ; -
,  ,   ,   ... ,   
        ,     -
  92). 
,   ,   ,  : 
   ,    ,     ,    -
93)
. 
,  ,      ( )  ...   
   (. .     ) ,     ;   
   (. .     ) ,       
180,     , , ,    ,    ,  
,      . ,        
            . 
91) Storch. Cours d'Economie Politique, ed. Petersbourg, 1815, t. III, p. 223. 
92) Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes d'Economie Politique, t. I, p. 79, 80, 85. 
93) Destutt de Tracy, . ., . 231. 

 XXIII.      663
5.    
  
)  18461866 . 
            -
    ,    20 . -
,    .        
- ,         ,    
         , , 
      1846 .    -
    .   ,  
      -   
,         . 
          , 
  ,   ,   ,   
 ,     .   
       : 
18111821 ..........................................................1,533%
18211831 ..........................................................1,446%
18311841 ..........................................................1,326%
18411851 ..........................................................1,216%
18511861 ..........................................................1,141%
 ,   ,  .      
  ,    . .,   . -
 ,   (       
),   18531864    50,47% ( 4,58%   
 )94),         12%.  -
    (     ,  , 
  ,    . .)   18531864  38%,  
35/11%  ,      95): 
94) Tenth Report of the Commissioners of H. M.'s Inland Revenue. London, 1866, p. 38.
95)  .

 .    
 
   
1853  1864.   
 ............................................ 38,60% 3,50% 
 .............................. 84,76% 7,70% 
  ........................... 68,85% 6,26% 
 ............. 39,92% 3,63% 
  ............................ 57,37% 5,21% 
  ......................... 126,02% 11,45% 
 ........................ 83,29% 7,57% 
    18531864 .     ,  
,      . ,  , -
  ,     18531857 . 1,73%  ,  1857 
1861 . 2,74%     18611864 . 9,30%  .   ,  
 ,      1856 . 307068898 . .,  
1859 .  328127416 . .,  1862 .  351745241 . .,  1863 .  359142897 . .,  
1864 .  362462279 . .,  1865 .  385530020  96). 
          . 
       (   -
),  10      .   
 ;  1851  1861 .    100    31583  26567, 
. . 5016      97).   18151825 .   -
 ,    ,      1  
. .; ,  1825  1855 .   8,  1855   1859 ., . .  41/2 ,  
4
98)
.      
96)     ,      ,    , 
,  100  . . .  ,    , 
  ,      ,     
. :          6000 . 
.,     88000 . .,   ,   ,     .  
    190000 . .,    ,    -
 250000 . . ( , . 42). 
97) Census etc., v. III, p. 29.   ,  150    -
  12     ,     . 
98) Fourth Report etc. of Inland Revenue. London, 1860, p. 17. 

 XXIII.      665
       D (,   -
  . .)   1864  1865.   ,      
       60  .  -
      ,     1864 . 
95844222 . .   1865 .  105435787 . .99),     
1864 . 308416       23891009 ,  1865 .  
 332431   24127003 .       
    : 
,  ,  
5  1864 . 5  1865 . 
    -    -
(  .)  (  .)  
 ........ 95 844 222 308 416 105435787 332 431 
  ....... 57 028 290 22334 64554297 24075 
  ....... 36 415 225 3619 42535576 4021 
  ... 22 809 781 822 27555313 973 
  ....... 8 744 762 91 11077238 107 
 1855 .      61453079    -
  16113267 . .,  1864 .  92787873    23197968 . .;  
1855 .   3218154     8045385 . .,  1864 .  
4767951    11919877  .  1854 .  -
       8 054 ,   
   286068794 . .,  1864 .   12789   425719613  
.  1854 .         
268210145   1865 .  489923285  .    
 100): 
99)    , . .      . 
100)   ,   1867 ., -      -
   ,   .  1866 .  -
       5%,  1867.    
   20000   . {   ,   -
  . . .} 

 .    
1847 . ........................ 58 842 377 . . 
1849  .......................... 63 596 052   
1856  ........................ 115 826 948   
1860  ........................ 135 842 817   
1865  ........................ 165 862 402   
1866  ........................ 188 917 563   
         -
181  : 
    ,        101). 
      ,   -
  ,   . 
       ,  ,    
,             
     ,         -
       102). 
        13  1843 .   
, 16  1863 .,     ,  : 
 1842  1852 .        6%...  8 ,  1853  
1861 .,  ,      1853 .,  20%.   ,   -
  ...      ...   
 , ...         ,    
   ,        ,     
  .     ,    103). 
  !     ,      
,           -
,   ,     - .   -
  ,   ,     . 
     ,   ,  
   ,    18601862 . -
   
101) Census etc., v. III, p. 11.
102)     13  1843 . (Times, 14  1843; Hansard, 13  1843).
103)     16  1863 . (Morning Star, 17 ).

 XXIII.      667
20%     18511853 .    , 18631865, -
   , , , , ,    -
   104).      7  
1864 .           -
,  .    ,    ,  -
 ,      ,    -
      :     -
       105). ,  , 
 ,  ,    : 
,   ,         (  -
),        ,     -
    (  ,     ). ... 
     (the rich grow rapidly richer),        
  ...      ,    
106). 
           ,   
          
 .          -
 .            
  ,     .      
   
104) .     : Miscellaneous Statistics of the United Kingdom. Part VI. 
London, 1866, p. 260273 passim.         , . -
      ,        -
.          . 
105)     7  1864 .   Hansard :   ,    -
     ,     ?   
       1863  1864 .    -
    : 
Voila l'homme en effet. Il va du blanc au noir.
Il condamne au matin ses sentiments du soir.
Importun a tout autre, a soi meme incommode,
Il change a tous moments d'esprit comme de mode.
[     .      .    ,   
.    ,    ,     ,  -
.]182 ([H. Roy.] The Theory of the Exchanges etc.. London, 1864, p. 135). 
106) H. Fawcett. The Economic Position of the British Labourer. London, 1865, p. 67, 82.   -
    ,         
  . 

 .    
         -
 , . .     . 
       ,      
,      ,  -
  ,      .    
 107)   1855 . 851369,  1856 .  877767,  1865 .  971433. 
       1863  1864 .  1079382  1014978. 
 1866 .,    ,      , 
  ,    ,   1866 .  -
    1865 .  19,5%     1864 .  24,4%     
1867 .   ,   1866 .     -
   .   ,     
       .   
,          
   ,       ,  -
   . ,    ,    -
        (Times, Pall Mall Gazette  . .), -
 .  1844 . .          
    183.    
     (deaths by starvation)      
        108), -
   . 
b)     
   
        .  -
    1862 .  185  -     , 
107)     ,    ,   ,  -
       . 
108)    ,      . ,   ,  
   workhouse [ ]      manufactory []. -
,      :            , 
    184. 

 XXIII.      669
       .  
     ,    , -
  (starvation diseases),       
     3900    180  ,    
     4300    200  , . .   
   ,       -
  ,    1/9 ;       
     28600    1330    . 
      ,     -
 ,     -    -
 .   1862 .   29211    1295 
   . 
 1863 .        -
     . - ,   
 ,       - .  -
,   ,  ,     , 
, ,   , ,    -
.  ,   ,    -
.            
       . 
   ,  
            
   ,      ;     -
             ,   -
 ;      ,  ,  -
   ,  ,       -
  ,     (,   )    
  109). 
        
,     110).  
109) Public Health. 6th Report etc. for 1863. London, 1864, p. 13.
110)  , . 17.

 .    
       ,     
,    .      -
   .    ,     -
      (    -
! . .     ,      
!)111). 
         -
     ,  -   ,   -
       112). 
 -
  -
 
( ) 
 -
   
( ) 
    -
  -28 876 1 192 
.................. 
  
   29 211 1 295 
 
,   
 ,  
    -28 600 1 330 
..... 
, 60/125,        -
 , 28%  .       
  7       243/4   .   ,  
   ,   .   
    73/4 .    111/4 .      -
 9,9 .     .   (  . .)  
 4         11   ;  
      8    .  -
     (  . .)  5    . 
    (  . .) ,     
,  71/4,     181/4  
111) Public Health. 6th Report etc. for 1863. London, 1864, p. 13. 
112)  , , . 232. 

 XXIII.      671
   ;      13,6 . -
         : -
  2 . 21/2 ,   2 . 7 ,     2 
. 91/2 ,   2 . 73/4 ,   2 . 61/4 .  
      1 . 81/2   . 
     ,    -
 113). 
     -       : 
,           ,  
 , ,          
...            ... -
 ,           
 ,  ,      .   ,   
     ,   ,         
,       ,        -
   .      ,  .  -
    ;      ,    -
   ;      ;     
   .          
 ,         .   ,    
,   ,       ,   
 ,   ,   ,     -
 ,    ,      .    -
,    ,       .  
       ,         -
...     ,   ,  ,    ,  
    .    .  ,   -
      ,       , 
, ,       ,       -
  ...          
         114). 
         
   
113) Public Health. 6th Report etc. for 1863. London, 1864, p. 232, 233.
114)  , . 14, 15.

 .    
       ,   -
 .     .   -
  ,      , 
          ,  , -
,    ,     . 
    (improvements)    
  ,        -
  . .,          -
,     . .           
  .   ,  ,   -
          -
 -      ,  -
 -   .   -
 ,  ,    -
 115),    ,      
          .  
    ,  ,   -
 ,     ,      
,  1847  1864 .    10 -  , 
    ,  ,   . .,   
   .  -      1865 . -
:  ,        .   -
   1864 .      
,  1865 .     .   -  
       (1865 .)   .  -
    .       -
    - : 
115)               , 
     .        -
, ,         (S. Laing, . ., . 150). 

 XXIII.      673
    ,   ,   ,   
          .   -
         ,   
    ,   ,      ,  -
.      ,   ,    .  
,    ,      (baptism into infa my).  -
   ,  ,    ,       
 ,       116). 
           -
     . 
  ,   - ,  -,     20 
 ,    10000 ,     
,  -    ,         -
 ; -,         ,  
20   117).    ,          
118). 
         ,   -
             
       ,   
,         ,   ,    
      ,  ,   ,    -
      . 
    ,        
 119). 
      ,       -
 middlemen [].        
     ,   ,    -
  ,   
116) Public Health. 8th Report. London, 1866, p. 14, . 
117)  , . 89.      -  : 
  ,    -    ,     
,    ,     ,   ,   
    ,          , 
,        , ,   -
 ( , . 56). 
118) Public Health. 8th Report. London, 1866, p. 62. 
119) Report of the Officer of Health of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 1866. 

 .    
      Jury Price ( ,    
)          -
  -  .     -
  ,     . 
 ,   ,   ,     ,  
 ,             -
    ,   120). 
  ,       . -
       
             , -
    ;              
,   121). 
   ,  ,   , -
      .      
  ,       ,  ,   -
    . 
,          .   ,  -
  ,     .        -
  ,   ,    .      -
      . 
 ,       ,  
     .      
  581   ,        -
     .   ,   -
 , ,       ,   , -
    ,      ,     
  . 
,   - ,    ,   ,  ,   
    (!)  ,       -
 ,      ,  
120) Public Health. 8th Report. London, 1866, p. 91. 
121)  , . 88. 

 XXIII.      675
        ,       -
122). 
  ,  !  , -
,       ,  
   ,     . .,     
:          -
        .     , 
      ,       
    ,      
,     ! 
    XIX        ,   -
  100000 .      50000.  -
 28     50000  . 
         ,   ,   
     ,     ,    
 .        ,       
. ,     ,    ,     
,       .      , -
   ,     ,      -
    123). 
   -      ,  
     ,   -
  .  --,    -
    ,       
  .       34000 .    
          
 .      ,  
   .   1865 .    ,  
- .        . -    
 : 
  ,          
   
122) Public Health. 8th Report. London, 1866, p. 89.
123)  . . 56.

 .    
   . ,     ,      
 .   , ,          -
,     .   ,     .  
           ,      -
.    ,    , ,  ,  -
 124). 
         8   3 . 
--,   - ,     ,      
              -
125)
. 
           -
-      .  -
  , ,     .  -
  ,   ,      
 .         -
        ,       
,       .   .  
      .      1861 . 
  1751  .     ,      
 - - ,  .     -
       ,  -
 .     , -
  126),  -    
124) Public Health. 8th Report. London, 1866, p. 149. 
125)  , . 50. 
126)  , . 111. ,        : 
-,  122 1  16  
-, 13 1  11  
-,  41 1  11  
-,  112 1  10  
-, 17 1  10  
-,  18 1  16  
 ,  17 1  13  
-,  19 1  8  
-,  56 1  12  
-,  150 1  3  
-, ,  11 1  11  
-,  28 1  10  
 ,  49 3  3  

 XXIII.      677
  ,        -
.  ,        ,    
 ...         ,     
- ,  ,     -
    ,       
.    5  1865 . - ,      -
,          : 
    1 500    10 ...  -, --   
 223   1450 , 435   36  ...   ,   -
         ,    3,3 ,  5 
 6 .     ,  ,     ,   , 
 .    ,         -
, ,    ,      .  ,  
    ,       (of good circumstances), 
 ,        127). 
        . 
,      ,     (blankest poverty
)   128). 
)   
    ,       
    .     , -
 
-,  128 1  18  
 ,  130 1  16  
-,  4 1  17  
-,  49 1  2  
-,  34 1  2  
 - () 2  26  
 
- 1  8  
- 1  7  
-,  33 1  7  
 -,  
   1  7  
-,  27 1  6  
(   
127) Public Health. 8th Report. London, 1866, p. 114. 
128)  , . 50. 
 18 ) 

 .    
   ,    .     ,   . 
      ,  ,  
 ,  ,     . .  -
  ,    , , ,   . .   -
,       129).    -
 ,     . .,  
        . .  -
     ,     
,     ,    -
:       .   ,  
    , ,   , , . .   . ., -
    2, 3, 4 ,  130).   .  -
 1864 .,   - ,        
         -
    : 
  12          .   
           .     
,          ,    -
    .       .   -
      ,  , - ,      -
     .       ,  ,  
     ,         
  ,            ,    
    .   ,  ,   ,  
        ,     -
       ,    . ,   
    ,      .      
           ,    -
   .         ,   
          .    -
     ,        ,  
129) Public Health. 7th Report. London, 1865, p. 18. 
130)  , . 165. 

 XXIII.      679
            . 9     
       ,   ,   , .   (-
)    ,       ,    -
,    ,   .    -
,      .          .  1 
  1       10    ,    4   
,  .    ,   ,    -
,     131). 
          
  .       , 
     132).         -
.  ,      ,   
     .       -
 , . .     ,  .  -
      ,     4 . . 
 .      , -
        ,   
. .   ,    ,      -
 .        
         ,   , 
   ,          . 
         ,  
 .          
:         -
. 
131) Public Health. 7th Report. London, 1865, p. 18, .     --- 
   :          -
 .        ,    -
 .  , ,        .     -
  ,     ,        .  
        ( ) ( ,  2). 
132) ,   . 505  .,       
.    ,   , .    -
 1864 . 

 .    
    ,      ,   - 
 ,    ,  ,       ,   
      ,  , ,    -
.           ,  
  ,     ,     
 ,            flats ( 
    ,      )...  
    ,    ,    133).   -
  ,   - ,        
  ...    ,  ,        
      ...    (bound,   bondage,  -
,     )  12    (lessee)   -
.           (viewer),   
                 
...  ,      truck-system [   ]    
 ,       .      -
    ,     .       
.      (he is to all intents and purposes a serf).     -
,  -      ,        
  ,      .       
.    ,    ,         
, ,       134). 
            
     ,   ,  
       ,  ,   -
     .   ,    
       ,    -
     . .     ,      -
. 
    ,       - , -
   ,    ,      
 ;     (      
21 )    ,  -
133) Public Health. 7th Report. London, 1865, p. 180, 182.
134)  , . 515, 517.

 XXIII.      681
       ,   . .,  -
 ;           ,    
   .            
,            
 ,    .   ,     -
,   ,        ...      
     ,     ,      -
       :  ,  , 
  ...    ,      (- 
,   .),  ,      ...  
     ,     -
.           -
   ,            -
    .   ( ) -
     ,    ,     
,      ,      ,  -
,    ,    ,      ,    -
  ,          135). 
d)     
     
      ,     -
 ,          
  ,   . ,  1857 .     -
 ,      .   
  1866 .        
,            
 ,        . -
       1866 .     ,  -
       . 
     ,   ,  
 .       
135) Public Health. 7th Report. London, 1865, p. 16. 

 .    
      ,         -
     ,   ,   
       .     , 
   ,       136)   , . .   1867 .     
        Morning 
Star,    1867 .   . 
   ,   , , , ,   -, 
   15000    ,     3000  , -
    .     - -
...          ( ),     -
  .     ,       .   
   ,     .       
 .     ,    ,  ; 
      .         -
,       .          -
   . ,    ,     , 
  5  .     ,    3 ,     
.        .  ,  ,    -
,    ,  .        ,    
      ,       .  
      7000 ,      ,   6 
 8             .  
    ,     ,         
       ,      -
136)     ! (Wholesale starvation of the London Poor!) ...    
           -
:  ,  !      ,  -
     ,             
.       .      , 
            ...     -
,       1789 ...    ,  -
           ,   , -
  ,   , ,      
(Reynolds' Newspaper, 20  1867 .). 

 XXIII.      683
  ...   ,      ,   , -
,     .      .  ,   
 ,    ,     27 .       -
   .     - ,  .     
,        ,     .     
 ,     -    .      -
        3   .     ,  ,  
     ,        ,  ,  
   ...  ,    ,    , -
,    ,      ,      ,  
    .  ,            
,          .    , ,   
,    ,      26      ,  20 
. .,        ,       .  -
,      ,        -
     ;     ,       
  5 .,   -   20 . .,    ,     -
,            .   -
        .        ,  
   .      ,      ,  
  ,       .   -
  ,   ,       .   -
      , ,      ,  
 ,       ...     ,    
-           ,   -   . 
 ,   ,           ,  
   . 
        ,    -
 1866 .   ,    ,     
,    ,         -
  ,        ,  -
    . 
       .    -   
     ,        -
. ,    .    . 

 .    
     .  40 ...   ,       , 
    ,    ,     40000  
   !       ;  ,  
      ,     ,       ,  
,         .     -
 ,   ,     -     (Standard, 5 
 1867 .). 
           
,    , ,    ,  ,  -
    -,   ,    -
     . ,       
  ,   - ,      
      .   
 : Budgets economiques des classes ouvrieres en Belgique. Bruxelles, 1855.  
,  ,    ,    -
            
     ,    .  
  ,    .         
  ; ,       -
,      ,    
,          ,  -
           ,  -
            .  
           ,     -
  86   . 
     ,     , ... 
    ?  : 1  56     , 89   
, 56     55   .       -
  1068   ...         .  
 ,      ,         -
;     ,   ?   , , ?  -
     . 

 XXIII.      685
    :
  300    1,56 . 468 .
     0,89 267
     0,56 168
     0,55 165
................................... 1 068 .
       ,     :
  1 828 .  760 .
 1 473   405
 1 112  44
  ,          ,  ,   
    .        18471849 .  63  
 ,   13       .     
 ,      ...   ,   ,   -
    ,        ?  ,  -
   ,     ;     ;  
  ;        ;      ;  
     ,       ,       -
 ;    , ,   ;    -
 ,        .      -
 ,      ,    ,  -
        .  ,   ,   
    ,    ,       
   137). 
  ,         -
         ! (. 
Manifest der Maatschappij De Vlamingen Vooruit! Brussel, 1860, p. 12).    -
 930000 .  ,   , 90000   (-
)   450000 ; 390000   ,   , 
       ,   1950000 -
; , 450000     2250000 ,     
  ,  .  450000    200000 
  ! 
137) Ducpetiaux, . ., . 151, 154, 155. 

 .    
)   
 
        
    ,       (-
   )      . 
      ,    . -
         XVIII ,    -
  ,  ,    ,   
 ,      . 
     ,  ,   -
,          1771 .,  ,   
          XIV , 
        138);     
 XV ,        .    -
    .      1777 .  
: 
      ,      
    .       ,   
       40   .        
   139). 
   ,          
1737  1777 .    1/4,   25%. 
 ,        -  ,    
 ;   ,           
   ,    140). 
138) James . Th. Rogers (Prof. of Polit. Econ. in the University of Oxford). A History of Agriculture and Prices in 
England. Oxford, 1866, v. I, p. 690.            
        12591400 .     
 .       ,     
 . 
139) Reasons for the late Increase of the Poor-Rates; or, a comparative view of the price of labour and provisions. 
London, 1777, p. 5, 11. 
140) Dr. Richard Price. Observations on Reversionary Payments, 6 ed. By W. Morgan. London, 1803, v. II, p. 158. 
 . 159  :              
,  ,         1514 .        
,       .  ,      

 XXIII.      687
        17701780 ., 
       ,      , 
  . .,   ,      -
.    ,    ,   1770 
1771 . 90 ,    (1797 .)   65,  1808 .  60141). 
          -
 ,        , 
, , , ,  ,     . . -
       ,  
        .  
        ,  
  ,     .       
   1795  1814 .     . ,    -
  :          -
  ,     .  -
  ,  ,    ,   
,  , -,       , 
-,  ,       
      ,        
 .    ,       
  .  1795 .       
 7 . 6 ,       6   36 . . 
12 . 5 ,      29 . . 18 .,   
  6 . . 14 . 5 .  1814 .      -
   12 . 2 ,       5 -
  54 . . 18 . 4 ,      36 . . 2 ., -
    18 . . 16 . 4 142). , 
  ,   ,  ,         
 ,   . 
141) Barton, . ., . 26.     XVIII  . : Eden. The State of the Poor. 
142) Parry. The Question of the Necessity of the Existing Corn Laws. London, 1816, p. 80. 

 .    
 1795 .    1/4  ,  1814 .   .  
 ,      1814 .     , 
       143).  -
,   ,    , instrumentum vocale [ -
],  ,    ,       -
  . 
       ,  
  1830 .     (. .   )   -
  ,             
   ,     144). 
          
(white slaves),        . . . , 
    , : 
         ,   145). 
,     ,    
   .   ,    
  ,       
 .   ,     
      ,   
     ,      
  ,   .     
 .    ,    
     ,     - .   -
 , ,         -
  ,        ,    
   .  ,   ,    
-   .   1844  1845 .  
    Morning Chronicle      
 -
143) Parry. The Question of the Necessity of the Existing Corn Laws. London, 1816, p. 213. 
144) S. Laing, . ., . 62. 
145) England and America. London, 1833, v. I, p. 47. 

 XXIII.      689
.  ,       ,    
  , ,      -
,       ,   -
 .   146)   ,  
      ,   . 
 
 
 
 
 
-
 
 
-
 
 
-
 
-
 
 
 
 
-
 
 
 
 
 
-
 
-
 
 
-
 
 
 
. . . . . . . . . . . . 
2 4 8 
3 5 8 
2 4 8 
2 4 8 
6 8 7 
3 5 7 
6 8 7 
6 8 7 
8 10 7 
4 6 7 
3 5 7 
4 6 7 
3 5 7 
0 2 5 
  
0  8 0 2 
0  8 0 1 
0  8 0 1 
0  8 0 1 
1) 1 60 2) 2 10 6 2 
0  7 0 1 
  
1) 1 60 
2) 1 6 
10 0 1 
0  7 0 1 
0  7 0 1 
0  7 0 1 
0  7 0 1 
  
0  7 0 1 
1) 2 0 2) 2 6 11 6 0 
0  5 0 1 
0 6 
6 6 
0 7 
0 7 
0 8 
4 5 
6 8 
31/2 5 
31/2 5 
61/2 5 
61/2 5 
0 6 
10 10 
0 4 
0 1 
6 1 
0 1 
0 1 
6 1 
8 1 
6 1 
81/2 0 
81/2 0 
51/2 0 
51/2 1 
0 1 
8 2 
0 2 
6 
31/2 
9 
9 
3/4 
11/2 
3/4 
81/2 
7 
11 
1 
1 
13/5 
0 
146)  Economist, 29  1845 ., . 290. 

 .    
    - .    .  ,  
  Low Church186,    ,      
           
   . 
        . -
)
    147,      
   ,    ,  -
   ,    , -
          . .,   -
       . - ,   -
 , ,  ()    
     .   ,   
   .        -
   ,  ,    148).     
   1846  1865 .   464119 ,     
    ,        
         .   ,  
     ,    , .  -
       ,      
1241269  1851 .  1163227   1861 149). ,    
187  : 
       1801 .     
 150), 
          , -
   
147)            ,  
 ,    ,       . 
148)           :  
, , , , , , , ,  ,    
 ,   .      1851 . 216851 ,  1861 .  
176151 .   1851  1871 .     20      900, 
   50  75    8253  6370;         100 . 
,     20     ;    300  500  -
  7771  8410,      500    2755  3194,    1000    
492  582. 
149)      12517  25559. 
150) Census etc., v. III, p. 36. 

 XXIII.      691
          ,  
 ,    ,    
    ,    ,     -
  ,       -
,     .       
         -
,   ,    post tot discrimina rerum [ 
  ], ,     ,  secundum artem 
[ ]      . 
  , ,  ,     
         -
      XIV    XV ,     
     17701780 .,     -
,   ,     151). -   
        : 
   (  ,    
 )      ,       ... 
             ,     
.      152)...        
153).      ,    : nihil habeo, nihil curo 
[  ,     ].     ,      ,  -
    .    ,       
 .   ,      154). 
 1863 .         -
,        .  
      . 
151) Rogers, . ., . 693.     ,      -
,    laudator temporis acti [      ]188. 
152) Public Health. 7th Report. London, 1865, p. 242.      ,   -
   ,  ,      ,  
      ,       ( ).
153)  , . 135. 
154)  , . 134. 

 .    
 ,     ,    , -
  ,              
  ,     ,      -
155)
,   ,        , 
   ,     156). 
    .   , 
  : 
 5056:      ,     -
.  5057: ,         -
- .  3047:    ,       -
  (much better),    ?  , .  3048:  
        ,   , -
   ,      ?157). -
 ,   ,    :         
.     ,     ,    ,       
,   158). 
  ,     ,   -
 . 
  158a) 
( ) 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
.    
   
.................................. 28,95 150,06 4,68 183,69 
  
. 29,63 152,91 4,52 187,06 
 .... 25,55 114,49 3,94 143,98 
 () .......... 24,53 162,06 4,23 190,82 
............................ 21,24 100,83 3,12 125,19 
 -
 17,73 118,06 3,29 139,08 
155) Report of the Commissioners... relating to Transportation and Penal Servitude. London, 1863, p. 42,  50.
156)  , . 77.    .
157)  , . II.  [. 418, 239].
158)  , . I. , . 280.
158a)  , . 274, 275.

 XXIII.      693
     1863 .   -
     .  ,     
      ,    
   .         -
   , , , , , ,   
. 
 ,    ,   - ,  , 
     ,          
,     ,        ;   -
         .   ,     
,        ,         ,  
   159). 
  ,    ,  .    
288277  1851 .   204962  1861 . 
   ,   - ,          , 
      ,        , 
,         160). 
         -
,       ,  -
       (is considerably the worst 
fed);    : 
     
      161) 
( ) 
  
 .....................................40 673 1 594 
........................................48 354 2 031 
 ..............................48 980 2 348 
 ................................43 366 2 434 
159) Public Health. 6th Report 1863, p. 238, 249, 261, 262.
160)  , . 262.
161)  , . 17.      1/4    
 1/2   ,     .     
XIX     Tour in Ireland ,      . -
    ,      ,   -
 .   ,          - . 
   

 .    
   - ,   -        -
,           -
 .     ,        .   
      ,     ,   -
     ,   , ,   -
 .         20  30 ,    -
        .      , -
  ,    ,           -
 .        ,   , 
      ,      ,   
  ,           
 ,      ,   . .   
   ,      .  -
      5 ,     (   
 )   .  ,         -
   ,           
     ,           ... -
      ,        -
      ,       
...            ,  -
      ,           
     .       ,    , -
      ,    ,    . -
     ,      ,   ,  
      ,        . , 
      , ,            
          ,     -
 .     ,   (underfed)  -
         ,      -
,        ...      
        .     
    .      .  -
       89   ,    , 
       .  ,    -
      .    -  ,  
   ;      -       -
...          ...  
      ...       . 
,   : 
1851 . 1861 . 
....................................45 155 44 446 
 ...................................52 459 52 955 
 
97 614 97 401 
( -   Public Health. 7th Report 1864. London, 1865, p. 498 502 passim). 

 XXIII.      695
   ,    ,    -
      ,   .       
,   ,   ,        -
  ,       ;       
    ,       ,     ...  
         ...        
         162).      
   ,          , 
   ,            
     ,  ,       -
   ,  ,          -
,                -
 ;         , , 
         ...     -
163) ,           ,     
      .     -
         ,   -
        ,   ,  , 
        ,   ,       
...        .        -
.     ,       -
 ...        ,  ,    10 
,       , .    821   
 ,   1861 . ,     1851 .  51/3%,    -
,   41/2%,         ,    
   ,   ...    ,   - , 
      (show-village),      -
       ,   ,     -
 ,           -

164)
. 
162)  1865 .    .   ,      
 . 
163)   : close villages ( )  ,  -
       ; open villages ( )  -
,      .       
       . 
164)       ,     ,  , -
   II      .        
   show-villages. ,  -    ,  
 500 ;      .       
 ,      ,     
  .       ,      -
   . 

 .    
   ,   ,  ,  ,     ,  
   ,   ,  ,  ,  ,    
     ,        
. ,       ,      
    .       .  
 ,     ,     ,   
 ,           .     -
,  ,  ,       .   , 
,     ,    ,    -
  ,        .      -
         ,      -
,        ; ,  ,  
     34   ,      . 
 ,    ,     ,    -
   68   ,     .   , -
    ,       .       , 
    .        
,          .   -  
, ,,       ,   -
   ,    ...165)   ,  
  ,   , 
165)   (  , , ,  )  -
 ,       ,     . 
            ( -   Public Health. 
7th Report 1864. London, 1865, p. 135).            
 .            -
.         .  10 .  ,  4 . . -
   ,     , , , ,     ,  -
   ( , . 132).       -
    .     -
  ,       .   
 ,           -
 ,   .         
,      ,     . -
,   ,             
      .       -
         ,     
( , . 135).            -
. 

 XXIII.      697
    ,    ,     , 
  .         . 
 ,  ,           ,  -
, ,           166).   
        ,  ,   ,  -
 ,   ,    - ,  ,   
      .   -  (The Nuisances Removal 
Acts)   .      ,    
...   ,    ,   ,   
    ,        . 
,      , ,     -
 ,       ,    -
        ,   -
  .    ,        
     ,    ,     ,    
   .   ,  ,   , -
             -
      ,        
  .       , ,  -
        ,  ,   -
   ,     .  , -
  ,      .    ,  -
     ,         
 . ,      ,   ,   
(huddled)   ,       ,    -
            
166) ,    (  ),      , -
   10 .  ,        4  5 . .   
  ,        20 . .,      
   ,     :        
         ...      -
          ,        
   :              ; 
  ,     ,   ,     ,   
  .       ,   ( )  -
                 
(- ,  , . 132). 

 .    
  167). ,       -    -
      ()   ,        
,  .            9  .   
      .      5  9    
!  - ,    -,       -
  ,       :   ,  
,        , ,   ,   
,  ,    ,        .   -
 10 .         13 껻168). 
-   5375        
 ,      .    5375   
2195      (    ),  2930   
   250  .         . 
1)  
:   12    10  ,   . 
         ,  
       5  6 .  3  -
.        ,   -
  .      ,     
. ,      .   
 ,     .    ,  
,    ,  ,    ,    , 
  .    ,   
167)           ,   
   ;        ,    , 
 ,          , -
   (- ,  , . 137).    , -
           ,    -
  :      ,    -
             ...  ,  -
,    ,              (Children's Employment 
Commission. 6th Report. London. 1867. Appendix, p. 77,  155). 
168) Public Health. 7th Report 1864, p. 914 passim. 

 XXIII.      699
 ;     .  17     4   
  ,     .        
  3   3 ,       6   . . 
:   ,  4  5 . .,     
10 .           
,   .    ,     
    ,      .  -
,       4 ,    3 . . 10 .  
   ,    15    10  ,  
 3  .     14     . -
   ,   ,  9   
 .         
     .  ,    
, .     3   5 .   ,  -
   . 
2)  
:   1864 .   cot ( )  , , 4 . 
      .  .     
.       ,      - . 
      ,       -
,    ,         -
       .     . 1 .  
;       6 .     8  ( -
); 14  6   , 7   ;    6 ;   
  ,  ,     ,  ;  .  
         -;     
 ,   .  ,    ,     
 ,           . 

 .    
3)  
 30    1000       130140 . 
   1000 ;  1851 .    36     84 
  54 .           
1861 .,   98    87  ;   10  -
 14   33 .         . 
:        ;   , -
, ,         1 
.  1 . 3   . 
-:     ,   ,   20% 
 .   ,       4 
,  ,        , : ,   
      ,  . 
-,  :  ,    4   4 , 
 11   , 9   , 6  5       
;    11  3  , 9  , 5  10    
 6 .      ,    -
.        ,      ,   
   .    1 . 4   2 .  
.    16    -  -
 10 .  .  ,      -
 ,  ,      ,       
    4     . ,     
  . 
4)  
   .      
cots,    .   .  -
,         . , -
   ,      ,    , 

 XXIII.      701
   . ,     ,  
    .    ;    -
  89 ;        6 , 
     . 
5)  
           
 .      22       
     ,       -
   .  , ,  3443 ,  1851 .  
145 ,  1861 .   110,           
  .  -  1851 . 252    61 ,   
1861 . 262     49 .    1851 .  1827   157 
  35 ,      180   27 .   -
, -, ,   -  1851 .    
8449   1392   316 ,  1861 .      1473   
249 . 
6)  
   ,     ,    -
.    ,   2 ,    
 .      3  4 . .     -
   9 .  . 
7)  
   1851 .  87 ,        -
  1720    19 ;    :  1831 .  452, 
 1851 .  382,  1861 .  341.  14 cots     .   
  :   , 3  ,   , 4 , -
 10 ;    3 , 6 .    ,    8 -
,  12  10   , 12  2   , 6  9   
;  ,   ,   

 .    
  130 . .  14  34   33 .   -
   ,         
 10  12 .  rood (1/4 ).      ,   -
   .           
  , ,   ,   ,  ,  -
    .   ,     -
 ,   -.      . 
8)  
:          ,   5 ;  
 -, ,   ;     12  2   
, 9  5   ;      21  3     9 
 5   .    , ,   , 
  ,    .    ? - -
? ,   . -  ?  .    1 
. 3   . -    ? ,    6 , 
         12 .    ,  
 cot ,     cot   ,     ,      
 ,       .      12 
    12 , 38    36 : 
12    
 -
 
 -
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1 1 3 5 8 1 1 3 3 6 
1 1 4 3 7 1 1 3 2 5 
1 1 4 4 8 1 1 2 0 2 
1 1 5 4 9 1 1 2 3 5 
1 1 2 2 4 1 1 3 3 6 
1 1 5 3 8 1 1 2 4 6 

 XXIII.      703
9)  
     1859 .,   ,   
       .  -
,    ,     ,  cots -
 ,       .     4 ,  -
 birdcages ( );     4      
 : 
 ...................................... 9,5 . 8,11 . 6,6
 ...................................... 8,6 . 4,6 . 6,6
 ................................... 8,5 . 5,10 . 6,3
 ................................... 8,3 . 8,4 . 6,3
10)  
,   :        2030 , 
   .         
  ,         -
     .   .         
  ,          -
 .   ,  ,   
     ,     -
,  the parson and gentlefolks seem frit to death at them168a). 
   ,         
  4, 5, 6 ,  3   5 ,       6 , 
 ,  . .;  2   2  2 ,   89 . 
11)  
:  31 ,         . -
    :  cot   1 . 3   ,    4 -
 . 4 ;        ,      -
      . 
168a)          . 

 .    
12)  
     ,   1851  1861 .    -
    4,2  4,6. 
:   cots   .   ,  cots  
a great nuisance here, because they bring the poor (cots   ,    -
 ).   : 
     ;   500 cots,     ,  -
;   ,    ,    ,  
,   ,   , , ,   
 .     -  : 
      - ,        ,   
   , , , ,    ,     -
  -    .         cot  
 , , ,        ,      
    ,  . 
   ,       
  ,    ,    . .  
          . 
    ,      ,  
     ,      -
    , ,      
   ,   .   
          
   .      
,     ,    
 ,   .      
        ,   
           -
169)  ,   -
169)    [.  , . 691]     .  
 ,   ,   ,     ,  -
 ,          ,    . ,  
 ,       .  ,   , , 

 XXIII.      705
       .   , -
     ,       -
 .          ,  
      , , ,  -
   . .,        ,   -
  ,    ,      -
     .    -
           -
    170). -     
            -
    .        -
  ,     ,     -
   ,     .     
   , ,   ,    -
          -
   .        cercle vicieux 
[ ]   
       .        -
    ,    -    (-   Public Health. 7lh 
Report 1864. London, 1865, p. 132).  -      -
   ,    .        -
,    ,       .    
      ,   ,         
 . 
170)         ,     -
          .  
           .  -
 proletariat foncier [ ],   , .,  -
,   : Colins. L'Economie Politique,      
 , -, 1852, . 56  . [.  ,  8, . 207  .].  1846 . -
     24,42%,   75,58%;  1861 .   28,86%,   
71,14%.           .   
1846 .       : 
  , 
   ,  ,
     
     .

 .    
 gangsystem ( ),       171). 
      , , 
, , , ,     -
: , , .       -
.        ,   
 ,      ,   . -
      .      -
    ,       .    
      , , ,   
      .        
   ,    ,      
,         ,  -
   .         -
  . ,       400 
1000  (   confined labourers [ ]),  -
     ,    
.   100        . , 
 ,     [Fenland],   -
 : 
    320 ,    .  .      
.  ,     ,   .  ,  
    ,  172). 
      , , ,   
, ,  ,    . .    -
,   ,     . 
   1040  50 ,   ,    
(1318 ),  ,  13 ,   , , ,  
 
171)          ,   
  1867 .,   gangsystem   . 
172) Children's Employment Commission. 6th Report. Evidence, p. 37,  173.  Fenland   -
. 

 XXIII.      707
  (613 ).     gangmaster ( );   
  ,      -
 ,  , , ,     -
  .   ,     ,    
 .          ,  
 ,          -
 173),       ,     
           .  
,        ,  ,   
,   ,     ,     
  ,     ,        
 ,       .   
            68   . 
           ,     -
 ,         .  -
       ,     -
   ,    .    , -
  ,     . 
         ,  -
,          ,   
 5, 6,   7 , , ,  .   -
,     the driver (),   -
,      ,       -
.          . 
,             
     .  , 
        .   
  
173)       ,   500  ,  
    . 

 .    
         ,  , -
     ;        -
   .     ,    -
189.       -
   .  ,    , -
    174)       ,   
 .    ,      -
     ,     .  
,      ,    . 
         , -
    (public, common or tramping gang). ,  ,  
  (private gangs).    ,    ,   
   ,        ,  -
  ,       .  
  , ,    ,      
 . 

 ,       175), , 
,    .      -
176)  177).         
              
 ,         
 178)   
   .     , ,   
174)      ( , , . 6,  32).
175)       .       -
,  ,    ,            
 ( , .79,  174). 
176)      .      ,  -
  ,     2 . .  2 . . 10 .   ( , . 17  14). 
177)          ,       
 ,      -  .     
 Gang [, , ],   -   -
 ,       . 
178)      , -   ,    -
   ( , . 17,  14).          
     ,     ( , . 16,  3). 

 XXIII.      709
, ,           -
,    , ,      -
       179). ,   ,  -
    . .      
180). 
f)  
          .   
   . 
    1841 . 8222664 ,  1851 .   
6623985,  1861 .   5850309,  1866 .   51/2 , . .    1801 
. 
179) ,   ,     ,    
 . ,      ,   ,    
(more men are out of work) ( , . 43,  202). ,   ,  :    
(labour question)    ,    ,   -
          ,   -
 ,   (       )    -
  ( , . 80,  180). The labour question (  )   -
 ,      ,   the landlords' and fermers' 
question (   ),   ,      -
 ,            -
     ? 
180)    Public Health Report,       -
     ,   ,  ,   -
. ,            
 .       ,       
    ,   ,     , -
           ,   
     ,    ,        
        ,  -
     !      ,    -
  ,   ,       .     
,     ,      .   
 ,    ,    ,      -
.          ,   
        ,      -
    ,    .   ,  , 
  ,        ...    
 ,  ,         ,  
,            
   ,         , -
        .  ,     
    ,      ,   ,  
     ,             ( 
, . XX,  82; . XXIII,  96). 

 .    
    1846 .     20     
/16  181).     1851 .   1865 .  
1591487 ,   5 ,  1861  1865 .,    . 
      18511861 .  52990.  1851  1861 . 
    1530    61000,    30    
109000,          120000,  , -
      15 , . .  . 
  , ,      
  .       1861 
1865 .,          
     1/3  (.  ). 
  
 182) 
 
    
 
   
   
1860 619 811  3 606 374   
1861 614 232 5 579 3 471 688 134 686  
1862 602 894 11 338 3 254 890 216 798  
1863 579 978 22 916 3 144 231 110 659  
1864 562 158 17 820 3 262 294  118 063 
1865 547 867 14 291 3 493 414  231 120 
181)  :  1801 .  5319867 ,  1811 .  6084996,  1821 .  6869544,  1831 . 
 7828347,  1841 .  8222664. 
182)     ,       . ,   
1865 .  3 688 742,   1856 .  3694294;   1865 .  1299893,   1858 .  1409883. 

 XXIII.      711
 
 
  
 
    
   
1860 3 542 080   1 271 072   
1861 3 556 050  13 970 1 102 042 169 030  
1862 3 456 132 99 918  1 154 324  52 282 
1863 3 308 204 147 928  1 067 458 86 866  
1864 3 366 941  58 737 1 058 480 8 978  
1865 3 688 742  321 801 1 299 893  241 413 
   : 
  
    
    
    
71 944 112 960 146 662 28 821 
   ,        -
.            -
 ( )         
  
 
      
  
,  
   
 
---------
         
1861 15 701 36 974  47 969  19 271 81 373  
1862 72 734 74 785   6 623  2 055 138 841  
1863 144 719 19 358   7 724  63 922 92 431  
1864 122 437 2 317   47 486  87 761  10 493 
1865 72 450  25 241  68 970 50 159  28 398  
18611865 428 041 108 193   82 834  122 850 330 550  

 .    
  .   : , , , , 
  ,     , , , , , , 
  . . 
 1865 .      127470 ,     -
,          101543 . 
   1865 .  1864,      246667 , 
     48999 ,  166605 ,  29892   
. .;   ,      1865 . ,  
446398   . . (.  , . 713). 
         -
    ,     .  
        .   
  D  ,   D (,    
)      , . .  -
,   . .,            -
, , ,   ,    . . 
 D 
,   184) 
(  ) 
 D 
. . -
1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 
 ............. 12 893 829 13 003 554 13 398 938 13 494 091 13 470 700 13 801 616 
......... 2 765 387 2 773 644 2 937 899 2 938 923 2 930 874 2 946 072 
....................... 
4 891 652 4 836 203 4 858 800 4 846 497 4 546 147 4 850 199 
........................ 22 962 885 22 998 394 23 597 574 23 658 631 23 236 298 23 930 340 
  D     1853 1864 .   
0,93%,             4,58%.  
    (   )  1864 
 1865 .: (.    . 714). 
184) Tenth Report of the. Commissioners of Inland Revenue. London, 1866. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
,  
 
 
 
183)
 
 
 
 1865 .  
 
 1864 . 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1865 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-
 
 
1865 . 
 
 
 
 
-
 
 1865 . 
1864 1865 +  1864 1865 +  1864 1865 +  
 
276 483 266 989 9 494  (.) 13,3 13,0  0,3 875 782 (.) 826 783  48 999 (.) 
 ...... 1 814 886 1 745 228  69 658   12,1 12,3 0,2  7 826 332  7 659 727  166 605  
... 172 700 177 102 4 402    15,9 14,9  1,0 761 909  732 017  29 892  
 8 894 10 091 1 197   16,4 14,8  1,6 15160  13989  1 171  
...   8,5 10,4 1,9  12 680  18364 5 684 
(.)  
 
l 039 724 1 066 260 26 536 - 
() 4,1 3,6  0,5 4 312 388 () 3 865 990  446 398 () 
.. 337 355 334 212  3 143  () 10,3 9,9  0,4 3 467 659  3 301 683  165 976  
..... 14 073 14 389 316    10,5 13,3 2,8  147 284  191 937 44653 
()  
.. 31 821 33 622 1 801    9,3 10,4 1,1  297 375  350 252 52 877   
.......... 301 693 251 433  50 260  
() 34,2 25,2  9,0 64 506  39561  24 945 () 
 1 609 569 1 678 493 68 924   
() 1,6 1,8 0,2  2 607153  3 068 707 461 554   
183)  
 
 
 
 
: Agricultural Statistics. Ireland. General Abstracts, Dublin,  
 1860 
.,  Agricultural Statistics. 
Ireland. Tables showing the Estimated Average Produce etc., Dublin, 1866.  
 
,  
 
. 
 
 2 .  
 
 
 1872 .  
 
 
 
 134915  
 
 
 1871 -
.  
 
 
 
  ,  
 
. .  
 
 
 
 
 
 
:  
 
  16 . ,  
   14 . ,  
 
 
   4 . ,  
   34667 ;  30 .  
 
 
 
, ,  
 
.  
 
 
 
 5  
 
,  
 
 1868   285000 , 1869 . 
 280000 , 1870 .  259000 , 1871 .  244000 , 1872 .  228000 .  1872 .  
 
 (
 
)  
-
 
 2600,  
 
   80000,    28682 
 
 
 
   236000. 

 .    
  
 D.    ( 60 . .)  185) 
(  ) 
1864 1865 
  -4 368 610 ( 4 669 979 ( 
.............  17 467 .)  18 081 .) 
   60 . . 238 726 ( 222 575 ( 
  100 . . ............  5 015 .)  4 703 .) 
   . 1 979 066 ( 
 11 321 .) 
2 028 571 ( 
 12 184 .) 
   -2 150 818 ( 2 418 833 ( 
.................................  1 131 .)  1 194 .) 
   .......................... 1 073 906 ( 
 1 010 .) 
1 097 927 ( 
 1 044 .) 
1 076 912 ( 1 320 906 ( 
 121 .)  150 .) 
430 535 ( 584 458 ( 
 95 .)  122 .) 
646 377 ( 736 448 ( 
 26 .)  28 .) 
262 819 ( 274 528 ( 
 3 .)  3 .) 
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      186a). 
186a)        ,  . ,   
   ,   : Ireland, its Evils and their Remedies, 2nd ed. 
London, 1829,   ,      ,    -
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186c)
. -
186b)   18511874 .     2325922 . 
186c)   2 .     : Murphy. Ireland, Industrial, Political and Social
, 1870, 94,6%      100    5,4%    100 . 

 XXIII.      717
       ,   
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    69 .  .       
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        ; 
186d) Reports from Poor Law Inspectors on the Wages of Agricultural Labourers in Ireland. Dublin, 1870.  . 
 Agricultural Labourers (Ireland). Return etc., 8th March 1861. 

 .    
         -
 . 
       
   
. . . . . . 
 29 . 1848  29 . 1849 . 
 29 . 1868  29 . 1869 . 
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2 
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 XXIII.      721
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187i)
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187i)  , . 21, 13.
188) Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31s October 1860, p. 96.

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    ,    ! 
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1866    1867 .     ,  ,  
  Times    .       -
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    ,   1864 .     4368610 . .   -
  262819 . .,   1865 .       4669979 
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 646377 . .,  1865 . 28   736448 . .;  1864 . 121  
 1076912 . .,  1865 . 150   1320906 . .;  1864 . 1131   
2150818 . .,     ;  1865 . 1194   
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 XXIII.      723
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1 2 3 4 
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48 653 25 394 82 037 288 916 176 368 1 836 310 136 578 3 051 343 
5 
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. 
Acerba fata Romanes agunt 
Scelusque fraternae necis194. 
188b)     ,     ,   ,   
           
             
,   .           -
 .    .  .      -
 Journals, Conversations and Essays relating to Ireland, 2 vols., London, 1868, v. II, p. 282,   -
: - .  ,           
 ,    ;    .      -
,   (     ) ,     -
,     ...    ( ) ,   
     (grazing country)     , 
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   ,  ,     . 

 XXIV.     
   
    
1.    
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      (previous 
accumulation  . ),  ,    -
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 XXIV.     
    . ,   -
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. 
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XV ,          XVI . 
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    ,        189). 
2.      
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 190)       XV     
189)  ,      ,     
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190)   ,         -
  ...       ,  
...   160000  ,    , ,   
  ,     freehold- (freehold    
 ).        6070  . , 
 ,   ,  ,     (Macaulay. History 
of England, 10th ed. London, 1854, v. I, p. 333, 334).     XVII  4/5  -
  ( , . 413).    ,   ,   -
 ,      . 

 XXIV.     
,   ,       
  .      bailiff (), 
  ,    .    -
    ,        -
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        -
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         Laudibus Legum Angliae, 
      . 
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    XV 
191)   ,       ,  ,  
 ,    ,    ,     . 
  ( )  .        . 
          ,        
,           (Mirabeau, De la Monarchie Prussienne
. Londres, 1788, t. II, p. 125, 126). 
192)              
       ,     , 
     .      
 . 

 .    
   XVI .       -
        , ,  -
    ,      196.  
 ,     ,     -
     ,      -
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  ,    .       
            
.       ,    -
  ,       .    
     .     Description of England. 
Prefixed to Holinshed's Chronicles ,      
    . ,  , what care our great incroachers!
 (      !).     
    . 
 ,   ,       ,  ,  -
      ;       -
 ;      ,      ...     
-    ,              
  . 
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.       ,    
 ,   XV   XVI.    , -
             -
 . 
    .        -
,   Wealth of the Nation [ ], . .  -
      -

 XXIV.     
 ,  ultima Thule*   .     
  VII : 
   (1489 .)         (   
. .),     ; ,   ,    -
 (     ),     .  -
   ,  ,   , , ...     , 
 ,    ...       -
   (depopulating inclosures)       
(depopulating pasturage),      . 
  VII, 1489 ., . 19,    ,   -
   20  . ,   25-    VIII, -
  .  ,  ,  
       ,   ,    
,      ,    (tillage)    , 
               
. 
     ,  -
      . .   1533 .   ,   -
   24000 ,      193).             
,    150 ,     VII.   -
     . 
   VII,      Essays, civil and moral,  29,     
  ,          , 
. .      ,      ,  -
      ,  ,   ,     
,    (to keep the plough in the hand of the owners and not hirelings)193a). 
* 
 :  ;      :  . (  
 , ,   ,    .) . 
193)         ,     (Utopia, 
transl. Robinson, ed. Arber, London, 1869, p. 41). 
193a)   ,        -
.              -
  ,          
      , . . ,     
   (cottagers)  ...        

 .    
  , ,     -
 ,            .  
         4 
           
    .   1627 .,   I,    -
    ,             4 
 ;   1638 .,   I,       -
   ,     4  ;   -
   4     ,      4  . 
    XVIII      ,   
     1  2 .    ,    -
            
. 
        ,   - .  -
        194). 
         XVI 
          -
 .         
    .    . .   -
  .          
          -
, 
    ...      ,  .    
 ,  ,       ,       
 . ,          , 
          ,    , . . , -
 ,        ,    , -
 ...             ,  -
        ...        -
      . .,   ,     -
 ,    (The Reign of Henry VII etc. Verbatim Reprint from Kennet's England, ed. 
1719. London, 1870, p. 308). 
194) -   Public Health. 7th Report 1864. London, 1865, p. 134.  ,  
( ),           -
     (George Roberts. The Social History of the People of the Southern Counties of 
England in Past Centuries. London, 1856, p. 184, 185). 

 XXIV.     
            
 .       -
        195). Pauper ubique jacet197, 
       .  43   -
   , ,   ,  
   . 
        ,       -
      ( )196). 
,   16-    I, 4,    ,   
 1834 .    ,   197).  -
 
195)           (J. D. Tuckett, . 
., . II, . 804, 805). 
196) William Cobbett. A History of the Protestant Reformation,  471. 
197)      ,     .  -
       ,     , 
    ,        -
.              (-
   I  ).   :      
 ,           .  
    .  ,     -
   ,     . ,     , 
    - ,     ,      -
        ,         
  .    ,      ,   
       ,         
     (so as to live without labour).        -
 .      ,  ,    , -
,      ,           . 
 , ,          (prudential measure), 
   ,             
       ,    -
    ,     ,    -
,     . ,  ,   ,   ,  -
  (will prevent persons in distress from wanting relief) (R. Blakey. The History of Political 
Literature from the Earliest Times. London, 1855, v. II, p. 84, 85).       
    ,   .   1698 .      -
 :       200000.    , 
 ,   ,  ,       -
    ,      .       
 The State of the Poor, v. I, ch. I, p. 60, 61:    .   
      .       
     :       ,   
  ,  ,       .   ,  
   ,       -
 1566 .   1656 . 

 .    
  , ,    .   -
      .  -
        198). 
    XVII  ,  ,  -
,   .      ,    
,       -   
,  ,        
   .         -
  .   1750 .  199),   -
  XVIII       -
.          . 
    . 
         -
  ,         
.      , . .   
      ,    
       ,    
    ,       , , 
,        (laws of settlement), 
, mutatis mutandis [  ],    -
   ,        198. 
198) - ,            , 
   ,      History of Agriculture  
    . 
199) A Letter to Sir . . Bunbury, Brt.: On the High Price of Provisions. By a Suffolk Gentleman. Ipswich, 1795, 
p. 4.    ,  Inquiry into the Connection between the Present 
Price of Provisions and the Size of Farms etc.. London, 1773, p. 139, :    ...  -
  ,   ,     -
 ;   ,        -    -
       ,   ,       
    . 

 XXIV.     
Glorious Revolution ( )199    III 200) -
       .    , -
       ,    
     .     , 
           -
201).       .  
       , -
  ,          , 
       202). -
-       ,   
    ,     -
,          . .   
        ,  
      ,    , 
      .   -
              -
,    , , ,    -
   ,  ,    -
     (  1604 .   ,     
 XI). 
       ,  
    ,  
200)         :    -
,   1695 .  ,     ,     -
     ...          foeda labiorum ministeria 
[  ]. (  ,  ,   ,  4224. 
 : The Charakter and Behaviour of King William, Sunderland etc. as represented in Original 
Letters to the Duke of Shrewsbury from Somers, Halifax, Oxford, Secretary Vernon etc..   .)
201)    ,   ,   ,  
   ...    (gigantic fraud on the nation) (F. W. 
Newman. Lectures on Political Economy. London, 1851, p. 129, 130). {     
      , .  [Evans, N. H.] Our old Nobility. 
By Noblesse Oblige. London, 1879. . .}
202) ., ,  . 200    ,     
 , the tomtit of liberalism [- ]. 

 .    
  ,    .   -
,    ,     
 ,    XV    XVI .      
      ,    
    150 .  XVIII      -
,        ,    
      203).  -
   Bills for Inclosures of Commons (    
), . . ,          
   ,  ,  .  . . , 
        -
 ,   ,     
 ,        -
, , ,        -
    ,   ,   -
    204). 
     tenants-at-will   , -
  ,  ,       -
,          
      ,   XVIII  -
  205)  206);   -
     ,    -
. 
 XVIII        ,   XIX,   -
    
203)           ,   ,   
, ,        ,       .   : 
 ,    ,    .       
,           (A Political Inquiry into the Consequences 
of Enclosing Waste Lands. London, 1785, p. 75). 
204) Eden, . ., . 
205) Capital farms (Two Letters on the Flour Trade and the Dearness of Corn. By a Person in Business. London, 
1767, p. 19, 20). 
206) Merchant-farms (An Enquiry into the Causes of the Present High Price of Provisions. London, 1767, p. III, 
).    ,    ,    
. 

 XXIV.     
.         -
   .   ,   
,     ,      
. 
   ,     ,  24   50150   
   3 207).        
 ,    ,   ,   -
;         50 ,     1500 
...      , ,   . .    , 
   .          ... 8  10...  
 ,     15  20   ,    
    ,    ,      -
.    ,  4  5       
,      2030        
  .         ,        
,       208). 
         
,     ,     , -
      . 
           ,    -
.  ,  , ,     -
   ,        ...  -
 ,   ,      ,      
         209).  ,    
,       ,    (   -
      ,       -
  , ,     , ,   . .,     
     )   ,   
         ,   ,  ... ,  
,  ,      ... 
207) Thomas Wright. A short address to the Public on the Monopoly of large farms, 1779, p. 2, 3. 
208) Rev. Addington. Inquiry into the Reasons for and against Inclosing Open Fields. London, 1772, p. 3743, 
passim. 
209) Dr. R. Price. Observations on Reversionary Payments, 6 ed. By W. Morgan. London, 1803, v, II, p. 155. 
 , , ,           
 -   : The Literature of Political Economy, London, 1845. 

 .    
    ,        ,  
  .   ,          -
            210). 
      : 
          ,  -
        ;           
   211). 
,          
      , ,    
,     17651780 .    ,   
      .   
,  ,        
. 
       - . 
 ,   ,         -
 ...       ,    ,   
   ,         (   
 , ,  ) ...   ,    
    :       , ,  
            
212). 
210) Dr. R. Price, . ., . 147. 
211)  , . 159.    .      -
.         ,   ,    
    ,        ,   
 ,     ,          
   .          
,           , ,      -
;         ,      
        .     -
     ,     .      
-    ,    .     , 
     ,          -
      (Appian. Romische Burgerkriege, I, 7).     
,   201.  ,      
,             
   . 
212) [J. Arbuthnot.] An Inquiry into the Connection between the Present Price of Provisions etc., p. 124, 129. -
  ,    ,     :    
         ,       

 XXIV.     
 . . ,     ,  ,  , -
    ,      -
          , 
    ,      -
.   ,   ,  -
       XV    XVIII , 
        : 
    (due)     .    
 XIV    XV       2, 3   4  .   
XVI     ,  2      2,   1  -
, , ,     : 3      . 
 XIX  , ,         -
 .      ,    -
      3511770   ,     
  1801  1831 .    ,   -
. 
,         
  Clearing of Estates (        
).         
  .   ,      
,     ,         
,           
     .   Clearing of Estates   
,   ,     ,    
 .       , 
 ,      (     
  ;       
    
 ,      ([R. . Seeley.] The Perils of the Nation, 2nd ed. 
London, 1843, p. XIV). 

 .    
 ), , ,     -
. 
    ,      -
  .  ,  ,   ,   
        ,       
      .   
          
       ,    
       ;     
.            
    ,      , 
       .      -
          ,    
213).  ,        -
 202           -

214)   215).  XVIII      204  
   ,            -
216).  ,   XIX 217),   -
, 
213) F. W. Newman. Lectures on Political Economy. London, 1851, p. 132. 
214)  :      (     -
   ,  203  )      
 ;     ,  , ,  , ,     -
        ,         
 (James Steuart. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy. London, 1767, v. I, ch. XVI, p. 
104). 
215) James Anderson. Observations on the means of exciting a spirit of National Industry etc.. Edinburgh, 1777. 
216)  1860 .      ,     
 .          .      
 ,       . 
217)   ,    1814 . ,  . ,    -
   ... ,      
 (       ),   ,  -
    ,      ,       -
. ,    ,         
 ;            
            ,  -
... ,    ,        . . (David Buchanan. 
Observations on etc. A. Smith's Wealth of Nations. Edinburgh, 1814, v. IV, p. 144).   
  ,  ,   ;       -
,  ,  ,     ...    -
,   ,   ...           
        .     
           (George Ensor. An 
Inquiry concerning the Population of Nations. London, 1818, p. 215, 216). 

 XXIV.     
  .         
,      ,     
            
,         
  15000 .  1814  1820 .  15000    3000   
   .       ,  
   .      ,   -
        .       
,      .       794000  
,     .      
   6000  ,  2   .  6000     
    .     -
 ,       2 . 6       
,         .     
    29  ,   ,   -
   - ,    -.  
1825 . 15000     131000 .  ,   -
 ,   .      ,  
   ,   ,   ,     
      218). 
218)           -,  
  ,       -  -
,               
,       ,     New-York 
Tribune  ,     205 (      The Slave Trade. 
Philadelphia, 1853, p. 202, 203).           
      . 

 .    
            - 
    .     . 
             -
 .    219). 
,   ,     ,   ,    
.  ,     .  ,    -
,      , ,   . 
       . 
  ,     1848 .,      219a). 
,    ,     , ,    ,   -
.     -,    .    ,  -
    ,       ,     
       -, ,   . .  
    ...      .     
,        ...        -
.    .             
      ,       ,     
     .         
 ,  ,     . .,      -
,     .     ,   , -
      ,    ,     
... ,    ,    ,     
 ... ,   ,   ,  ,    
    .     ,     
   ...       ...    .  
        ,   
,  ,           
;     ,  220). 
219)             Portfolio. New Series.  
 .     ,    Journals, Conversations and 
Essay relating to Ireland, London, 1868,         -
  (clearings),    . 
219a)   deer forests [ ]    .   ,  -
          deer forest.  ,    -
. 
220) Robert Somers. Letters from the Highlands; or, the Famine of 1847. London, 1848, p. 1228 passim.  
    Times.  ,   ,  , 
   1847 .,  .    ,  ,     
.    , ,    , Bauernlegen,   -
        1790 .      -
.     .       

 XXIV.     
  ,    , 
  ,  -    
,        -
        -
     II.  ,     -
   ,   . .       -
.           .    
    II       ,  
  ,   ,    ,  
 :         . ,  -
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.  , ,     ,      -
   ,   ...           , 
 ,   ,   ;          , -
       .    -  ,  
      ,     ;      -
 ,      ,  ,      -
.    ,    !           
,   9     2,    ;       
,    ,           ,   -
     ,   . ,  ,    
...     .            
               ,        
 ,    ...       -
    ;          , 
   (Mirabeau, . ., . III, . 212  .). 
  2 .   1866 ., 18        
 ,         206    -
     .  ,      -
  ,    :          
         ...     
      .    ,  
    ,     ...       -
     -',    .   (  )    
,  , , ,    ;  ,      
   .   ,      -
    ,          -
    ,  ,      . 
 Economist  2  1866 . :        
   :      ,     -
     1200 . .  ,    !.  
   ...     ...    36 , 
      ...   ,       
,    . ,     -,  
    ;    -        
  ;   -        
  .   ,      ,    
    ,        , 
   .        ,   , 
     -     15000        
 1/30    ...       -
...   ,         .     
        . 

 .    
 .        , -
           -
    . 
3.     XV  
 .  
     
,            
 ,  ,      
        ,  -
    .   , ,     -
 ,           . 
    , ,     ,  -
     .    XV     
XVI           -
.           , 
      .     -
 ,    ,       -
   ,    . 
       VII. 
   VIII  1530 .,      -
  . ,     -

 XXIV.     
    .       ,  
    ,         -
    ,      ,     (to put 
himself to labour).   ! ,   27-   -
 VIII,        .   -
        ;    -
   ,           -
. 
 VI  1547 .          ,   
        ,      
 .        ,   
  ,   .       
       ,      . 
     2 ,         
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,     ,        
V ,   ,      . ,  
   ,         -
 ,        S.   
                 
24 ,   20 .   ,      -
    -,      ,  
 . .       ,     ,  -
         221).   
221)  Essay on Trade etc. :    VI   , -, 
        .     -
 ,   ,          . . (An Essay 
on Trade and Commerce. London, 1770, p. 5). 

 .    
    ,        
  ,    ,    .    
         XIX    roundsmen (-
). 
   1572 . ,    14 ,   -
  ,         
,           ;     
 18    ,        2   -
;           . 
   ;   18-   -
, . 13,   1597 221a). 
  I, ,    ,  . -
   Petty Sessions207        
       6 ,      2 
.    
221a)      : -  ,     , -
    ,             , 
        ,       
.    ,  ,  ,  ,  , ,  -
   , ,  !   ,   ,   , 
     ,  ,    ,  -
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      .    ,      -
,         , ,    ,  
    .         
 ,  ,  ,     ,   ?      
  .   ?          ,   -
  :    ,  ,        ,     
  .     , ,    , - -
  ,    VIII   72000     (Holinshed. Description 
of England, v. I, p, 186).       ,    , 
          300  400  (Strype. Annals of the Reformation 
and Establishment of Religion, and other Various Occurrences in the Church of England during Queen Elisabeth's 
Happy Reign, 2nd ed., 1725, v. II).     ,       
   40 ,  35  , 37    183   -
  .   ,  , -        
       1/5   .  : 
       ,  ,     . 

 XXIV.     
         ,    
 ...      ,   
   R,     ;      -
  ,    .       
 XVIII      ,   12-   , 
. 23. 
     ,    XVII    
     (royaume des truands).    -
  XVI    ( 13  1777 .),   -
         16  60 ,     
     .    
  V   ( 1537 .),      
  19  1614 .,     25  1649 .  . . 
 ,   ,     
,  ,      ,  -
   , , . 
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 , ,   ,     -
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. 
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         222), -
     III    1349 .    -
  1350 .,     .    -
       .    
        ,    -
     ( ,  5). 
        . 
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   .      ,   - 
222)  ,          ,  
  ,   . 208.     ,   209. 

 XXIV.     
    ,   ,  , ,  ,   , 
 223). 
        ,    
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 .         -
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 ,   . , ,      -
  18  19      ,  
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1360 .           
       .  , 
,   . .,     ,   -
.         
XIV     1825 .,      210.   
 1349 .        ,   -
    ,     . 
 XVI   ,  ,  .   -
,      ,        -
. ,    .    ,  
   ,  ;       
   ,       .   -
,   5-   , . 3,    
         -
    .  I      , 
     224).  II 
223) [J. B. Byles.] Sophisms of Free Trade. By a Barrister. London, 1850, p. 206.   :  
      ;         -
? 
224)    ,   2-    I, . 6 ,   -
,       ,      -
     .         -
 ,    .         
 .           
  ;         ,    
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-  ,            -

 .    
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 .  ,   8-    II,   
-     2 . 71/2;   , 
    ;  ,   13-   
 III, . 68,       -
;   1796 .      ,   
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 ;   1799 .    ,  -
         -
  1661  1671 .       -
,   ,      . ,  
   400   ,    -
,          ,  -
  1796 .        -
.   , , ,     
(cruel). ,  1813 .       -
.      ,      
            
     
 (Kaiserliche Privilegien und Sanctionen fur Schlesien, I, 125).        
        ,     -
,     ;      
 ,   ,    .      ,  -
  ,   ,    ;      1652 .   
   ,           ,       
  ,       ,     (G. Freytag. [Neue 
Bilder aus dem Leben des deutschen Volkes. Leipzig, 1862, S. 35, 36]). 

 XXIV.     
  .         -
   ,      , -
   . .,  ,   ,  , 
     ,   ,  , 
  . 
      1825 .,     -
.     .      -
   1859 . , 29  1871 .    , -
  ,         , 
      -.    , 
     (,          
,   ),       
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       (    -
,       ),    -
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-              
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,     ,    
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     - ,  -
 . 
           -
     

 .    
  .   14  1791 .     -
       ,    
500         225). , -
 -        -
,   ,      .   
212   .       Code penal 
[ ].        -
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,       ,  ,  -
  ,   ,   ,  -
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!),               
?    ,   226). 
4.    
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   .  :    
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225)     :         -
          ,   -
                 .  
 ,   ,      ,   , -
     ,   ,      
           ,  
      ... ,   
      . ., . .  ,   ,    
   (Revolutions de Paris. Paris, 1791, III, p. 523). 
226) Buchez et Roux. Histoire Parlementaire, t. X, p. 193195 passim. 

 XXIV.     
      .   
 ,        ,     -
,    .  ,       
  ,      , 
          . 
      bailiff [  ], -
   .       villicus, 
     .    XIV    bailiff 
 ,    ,    -
.        .   -
   .    metayer, -.  
      ,   .  
     ,  .    
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     ,       
           -
 . 
  XV ,       , -
            ,   
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.  ,     XV   -
     XVI  (    -
),     ,    227).  -
   . .        
   ,          . 
 XVI      ,   .   
    
227) ,       Description of England,     
  4 . . ,   40, 50, 100 . .       -
,              67 . 

 .    
  ,   99 .    -
 ,  ,   ,     . , 
       ,   . 
      .     
, , ,   ,    ,  
        ,      
   ,     228). -
              -
.      ,      XVI  -
       229). 
228)      XVI      . A Compendious or 
Briefe Examination of Certayne Ordinary Complaints of Diverse of our Countrymen in these our Days. By W. S., 
Genteleman (London, 1581)      ,    -
 ,    1751 .       .     .   
  (knight)   : 
: ,  , , ,  ,  ,   , ,    -
,      .      -
    ,    ,          , 
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   ,   ,  .      -
: , ,     ? ,  , ,   ,    
  ? :     ,      ,   -
,     . :       , ,   , 
,  ? : , ,     ,    -
    ,      ,    , . .    
  ,  ,    ,  ... : ,    , ,  -
 ,    ,    ? :   ,   
   ,        ,     
 ,    . 
229)   regisseur,          -
   ,    homme d'affaires [],    , 
  . .   .  regisseurs      . 
:      ,    ,  ,  
        ,  ,   -
   25  1359 .  28  1360 . (Alexis Monteil. Traite des Materiaus Manuscrits 
etc., p. 234, 235).   ,            -
. , ,       , -
, , ;        ;   
  ,   ,   ,  ;      
   ,     , ,   ,  -
       .  ,    ,  -
         ,     
    .   XIV     ,   -
 terriers.        100000.    
    1/12  1/5    . Terriers  ,  (fiefs, arrieretiefs) 
 . .,       ,       

 XXIV.     
5.     
 .   
    
 ,     -
      ,   ,    
    ,      ,  
 ,    .  (   -
 )      213    -
 .          -
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        -   -
  230). ,     ,  ,  
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 ,     . .     
        231),     
    ,       .  
,          
 .        
.            
  ,  ,    . -
  ,     , -
.    terriers            -
  ;     .   ,     
      .  ,        
160000  ,     4000 (    ).
230) .  Notions de Philosophie Naturelle. Paris, 1838. 
231)      214. 

 .    
   ,    .      -
. 
 , ,     ,    
 II    ,      
,          .  
     ,     
   .      ,   .   
   ,         .  -
      .     
    ,       
     ,       -
 ,         .  
,   ,       -
  ,       II     pour 
le roi de Prusse*.        .   
 ,    ,       
      .  ,   
,           
   232)   ,   -
    .     ,    
   ,   ,       
        -
.        .   
          manufactures reunies, 
 ,          
 . 
 ,   ,     ,     -
          -
* 
 :    ,   :  . . 
232)   ,   ,      ,     
 ,    ,    ,      (J. J. Rousseau. Discours 
sur l'Economie Politique). 

 XXIV.     
 (manufactures reunies). ,      ,     
   ,       .    
   .     ,        
   ...   (fabrique reunie)    
    ,      ,    
        . ,  -
 (fabrique separee)   ,      ...  
    ,     ,    -
     ,       
 ,             -
         .   -
,      ,   233). 
           
   ,   ,   ,   -
  . 
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,           ,  
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   ;    . , ,  
   ,        -
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   ,  ,   234).  
233) Mirabeau, . ., . III, . 20109,   .     -
     ,  ,      
  ,   ,     -
   . 
234)      ,   ,      
   ,      ,      . 
     ,   ,     ,  -
,       ,   ,   , -
       ...       , 
    ,      -
,     (David Urquhart, . ., . 120). 

 .    
      ,     
      , -
     .     -
            , 
     . 
         -
. ,        
,          -
     [Hintergrund].       
    ,    ,   ,  
      ,          
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,        ,    
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        .    
 XV     ,      
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  ,  ,   ,       
   ,   235).     
 :       ,  -
,         .  -
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,        -
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235)    .   ,     -
    ,      . 

 XXIV.     
     236).  ,     
    237). 
6.    
 238)    ,  -
  .  ,       -
         -
   ,  ,       
   ,   sans phrase [ ].  
      ,   -
    ,    ,    -
      ,      ,   
     .        -
     ,    
 XV .         ,  
     -    -
     -
236)  ,            -
        (Tuckett, . ., . I, . 144). 
             ,    
  ?     ,        
  ,   ,   ,    (David Urquhart, . ., 
. 122).       , ,   ,  ,    -
      ,      .  -
,      ,         
 ()          , -
   (The Slave Trade, p. 125).   ,        
 ,  ,   ,   .    ,  -
              -
  ,     . 
237)   ,  , ,  ,   . .,  -
 ,     ʰ,    ,   -
     ,      ?     - ?  
  .     ,    , , 
? 
238)      .   -
       ,   . 

 .    
   :     . 
          ...   -
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,  ,    ,    . -
       ,       
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          ...    -
,            
...            -
;          ?239) 
   ,       . 
  ,     ,  
      ,    -

240)
.  ,     ,   
     .     -
        ,    -
      .     corporate 
towns [    ]     -
. 
      , ,   -
     ,      -
 -,           
     .     
   .      -
 ,      .     -
  ,         
           . 
239) The Natural and Artificial Right of Property Contrasted. London, 1832, p. 98, 99.    
  . . 
240)   1794 .  -          -
 ,     (Dr. Aihin, . .). 

 XXIV.     
    ,    
 ,   ,  :  , -
, ,   .     XVII    
       ,  -
    .       -
, , ,  .      -
, . .     ,   
         
  .       , -
   .     . 
    . , ,  -
  , : 
       ,     
     ,    ,   , -
      ,        , -
  241). 
         -
  XVII       , 
,   242).   ,   
           .  
     . ,     -
   ,     .  -
     ,    ,  
    ,  .     
: 
,       ,   ,   -
   
241) William Howitt. Colonization and Christianity. A Popular History of the Treatment of the Natives by the 
Europeans in all their Colonies. London, 1838, p. 9.        
  : Charles Comte. Traite de Legislation, 3eme ed. Bruxelles, 1837.     
,  ,             ,   -
,  ,       . 
242) Thomas Stamford Raffles, late Lieut. Gov. of that island. The History of Java. London, 1817 [v. II, p. CXC 
CXCI, ]. 

 .    
 ,   ,     . 
  ,    .  1641 . 
    .          ,  -
       21 875  .   
  ,      .    
  1750 .  80000 ,  1811 .  8000.   doux commerce 
[ ]! 
 ,  - 215     -
      ,       
         .      
  ,         -
  .   , ,      -
  .         -
   . -     -
.       ,   ,   
,    .   ,    , 
          
.        .    
.             
        ,     
 .      40000 . .  ,   
       60000  .    -
  ,         .   
,   ,  1757  1766 .     -
      6   .  17691770 . 
   ,        
)
,     243. 
243)  1866 .           .   
      ,        -
     . 

 XXIV.     
   , ,    , , 
, ,  -,    ,    -
       ,    -.  
           -
.           1703 . -
   Assembly [ ]    40 . .  
       ;  1720 .    
    100 . .,  1744 .,      
   ,    :   -
 12    100 . .   ,     105 . .,  
    55 . .,      50  -
!          
  piligrim fathers [-], ,   , -
.         . -
       ,  
   ). 
       . 
- ()     .  
      ,    
    . ,    -
   ,  , ,    
    . ,      
,   1648 .      . 
      -      -
 -  -.   , ,      
    .    ,  , ,    -
   216. 
,   ,  :      1648 . 
    ,       ,  -
    . 

 .    
         . -
,        -
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.     ,         
           .  -
       . 
  , . .  ,    -
        ,       
 .         -
    .        . -
 , . .     : , -
  ,       . 
     ,   -
     ,     243a).    ,    ,    -
.      .   -
    ,    , -
      ,      . 
         -
.        -
         ,   -
     ,     
       .  -
     ,        -
  ,  ,     
  ,    .       
     ,  -
    ,   ,    -
,    
243a)   ,        ,  
    (national debt). 

 XXIV.     
        ,   
,     ,     
, ,        . 
     ,   , 
    ,    -
 ,   ,    .   -
        
  ,         
(1694 .).          8%; 
             , 
        .     -
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 ,          
  :      ,  
      .  ,    
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    .      
    , , , , -
   ,    ,   -

243b)
. 
       ,  
          
   . ,       
    ,     
    .   
243b)        ,        , 
     (Montesquieu. Esprit des loix, ed. Londres, 1769, . IV, p. 33). 

 .    
    .    XVIII   -
    ,      
   .    1701 1776 .     
      ,     
  .         -
   .     , -
   ,        
 . 
       ,    
     . . ,     
     .   -
     ,    -
    ,     ,   ,  
.   ,  ,    
,          
    .  ,   ,   
     (,  ), 
       .    
  ,    .  ,      
,         217    
    , ,  ...   
 .         , -
        ,  
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,     .     ,   -
 .       -
  ,        -
 . 
  ,        
         ,     
: ,   ,   -

 XXIV.     
        . 
      , -
  ,    -
   ,       -
  .    -     
,       ,    ,     
   ,     ,  
     . .      
     , , ,    -
   .     ,    -
,    .       
      . 
,   ,          
 ?     180   244)! 
 ,  ,  , ,  
  . .         -
     .    -
    .    , 
     ,  .     
 . .   ,       -
     XV      ,   XVIII -
;       ,    
         
;            -
      ,    -
           
.  : 
 ,     . ,   -
 ,   
244) Mirabeau, . ., . VI, . 101. 

 .    
      , ,   ,     
,   ; ,           ,  
  ,          -
  ,          -
 ?245).  ,     ,   ,  -
       ,   ,  -
    .   ,    ,    
 ; ,  ,  ,        , 
   .      ,   . -
       (!)   ,     
 . ,          7  13  14 
     .   (. .  ) ,   -
    ,   .        -
.            ,   -
     ,    .    -
.    ,    ,    , -
   ,    .     
 ... ,   ,      ; -
    ,   ,      -
...     !..    ,   
,     ,       
!..    .      .   -
  , . .       ,    , 
     ;     ,    
 ,  vice versa [].     ,     -
246)
. 
245) Eden, . ., . II, . I, . 421. 
246) John Fielden, . ., . 5, 6.  ,    , . Dr. 
Aikin, . ., . 219,  Gisborne. Inquiry into the Duties of Men, 1795, v. II.     -
       ,      -
            -
 .      (  )     1815 . 
   ,   (       )   
 :  ,            -
    ,    ,   ,  -
   .     ( 1813 .)      -
 .     .      , 
,   ,   .          
    (absolute famine).   ,   ,   
   .          -

 XXIV.     

        -
         .  -
   ,       . 
, ,   ,   . -
218.  ,      ,  
,           219 -
        ,       
       -.      
1743 .     4800  .       
     .     
.      .     
      ,   . 
    ,   1795 .,    
   ,      -
 .  1730 .      15 ,  1751 .  
53 ,  1760 .  74,  1770 .  96   1792 .  132 . 
 ,     ,      
      ,     
,    .     -
          sans phrase [ -
]   247). 
Tantae molis erat220        -
   ,      
  ,         -
   ,        -
 ,       
  ,           -
  . 
247)  1790 .   - 10    1 ,    14  -
,    23   (Henry Brougham. An Inquiry into the Colonial Policy of the European Powers
. Edinburgh, 1803, v. II, p. 74). 

 .    
   248). ,   ,  
       249),      
    ,    250). 
7.    
 
,      , . .   -
?          -
    , ,   ,    -
  , . .   , 
   . 
 ,   ,  -
,   ,         -
 
248)  labouring poor [ ]       , 
      . Labouring poor ,   
, idle poor [ ],   . .,   ,  ,    
,      .    labouring 
poor    ,      , .   . .  
 .   .    ,  bonne fol []  ,  execrable 
political cantmonger [  ],     labouring 
poor execrable political cant [  ].  ,    
 ,        ,    -
  ,     ,       
      ;        -
:  .   ,  ,    (. Burke. Thoughts and 
Details on Scarcity, ed. London, 1800, p. 31, 32).     ,  ;     
,       !       
       .     ,     
    .      ,  
           ,    
  ,        ! 
249) Marie Augier. Du Credit Public. 
250) ,   Quarterly Reviewer,         . 
 ,      .        , 
   .       ,   . 
 10 ,      ,  20    -
,  50      ,  100     -
 ,  300    ,      ,     
.      ,      . -
;     (T. J. Dunning, . ., . 35, 36). 

 XXIV.     
.     ,        -
,     .    
,    ,    -
,     . 
          -
,         -
      . ,   
    ,    ,    
  .    ,    , 
     ,     
  ,     ,   -
 ,   ,   ,    
 . 
         -
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       ,    
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 .          -
.    ,    , 
   221.     -
        .     -
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 ,        -
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   .        , 
       ,    
.       

 .    
      ,  ,  -
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,  ,          
 ,    ,  -
   ,     251). 
          , 
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      ,   
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,   . 
        
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    ,   , 
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    ,    -
     ,   , , , 
, ,         ,  
    ,  ,   -
     .   
    ,    
251)       ...      -
     (Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes de l'Economie Politique, t. II [Paris, 1827], p. 434). 

 XXIV.     
   .        -
 ,        .  
.     .  -
. 
  ,     -
,  ,    ,   -
   ,    .  -
        -
 .    .     -
,        :  
           
. 
        
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,   ,     , -
      ,   
.         -
,       252). 
252)  ,     ,   -
,           
.  ,     -     
,       .       
.       ...   ,   
 ,       .   
         ,     -
 .  :  ,  ,     
      ,      ,   . 
, ,  ,  .  ,  :   -
    (.   . .   . , 1848, . 
11, 9 [.  ,  4, . 435 436, 434]). 

 .    
   
  253) 
         
,        ,  
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 ,       . 
  ,    ,   -
    .        
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  .        ,   -
     ,     
253)      ,   ,   -
.           . -
,       ,        
 . 

 XXV.    
.   ,   ,  , 
       -
    ,        
 to make a clean breast of it [     ]   
    .     , 
       ,  , 
      . .     -
        .    
         -
 .       ,   . 
  . .     ,       -
254),   ,           -
.      255)   
  ,    ,     
     ,   -
    .    systematic colonization (-
 ). 
     ,   ,  -
,          -
,      ,   ,   
 ,      .  ,  -
  ,     ,  256). 
- ,   ,   
254)   ,      ,   
-,       . 
255)         .   
    ,       . 
256)   .       .  -
     .       . -
   ,      ,         
    ...     .    -
  ( .      Neue Rheinische Zeitung  226, 7 -
 1849 . [.  ,  6, . 441, 442]). 

 .    
               
     50000  . -    -
,       3000      , 
  .        -      -
 ,           257). -
 - !   ,      -
     ! 
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    . 
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 ,          -
258). 
,       ,     ,  
    ,      -
     .   
    . 
257) . G. Wakefield. England and America. London, 1833, v, II, p. 33. 
258)  , . I, . 17. 

 XXV.    
              -
  ,        ?  contrat 
social [ ]   .  ... 
    , , ,    
      ;    -
    ...      
  259). ;       
  .       ,    
            , 
        ,     
 contrat social      .       
     ? , -
: 
,              
- ...  ...       260). 
,          
,  ,   ,     -
 .     pis aller [ ],  
      ,    . 
     -       .    
(. .  )    ,   ,      ,  -
           .      -
     ,      ,   -
              , 
        261). 
 ,         -
  .   , ,   ,  
259) . G. Wakefield. England and America. London, 1833, v. II, p. 18.
260)  , . 42, 43, 44.
261)  , . II, . 5.

 .    
     ,      
            -
,         262).  
    ,     ,   -
 . 
       ,         
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  ,               263). 
                
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      ,   264). 
         ? 
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      ,     -
      .  
        ,  -
 
262)      ,      ,  
      ,      -
  ( , . II, . 125). 
263)  , . I, . 247. 
264)  , . 21, 22. 

 XXV.    
  ,    , , , 
       ,   
 ,     ,  ,   
        ,  
   ,      -
   .       .  -
    ,   ,      -
    , , ,       . -
      .   ,    
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;   ,       -
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        ! -
     ,   -
   .     ,     -
 .        , 
    ,    ,     ,  
 ,           
.     ,       -
 .          -
       .     
,   ,        . . 
. 
  ,   ,  , , -
.      ,    265). 
 ,      , ,     
  ,     ... ,  ,    -
  ,     266). 
265)  , . II, . 116. 
266)  , . I, . 131. 

 .    
           -
.    ,  ,   ,   
          -
. 
     ,        -
          267). 
    !       
     !     ! -
,           -
   . 
   ,     ,     
       ,    ,   
    ,   , ,     ...  
      ,        ; 
        268). 
 ,  ,      ? -
      269).  
   ,  
267) . G. Wakefield. England and America. London, 1833, v. II, p. 5. 
268) Merivale. Lectures on Colonization and Colonies. London, 18411842, v. II, p. 235314 passim.  
  -  :  ,     
       ,    -
 ,    .  ,   ,   , -
       ,    
   . ,        ,  
    ,         -
,       .     ,   -
  ,    ...  ,     
 ,      (    - -
!);      ,      ,   (Molinari, . ., . 51, 52). 
- , - !      ,    222,   
  ,         ,   
-     !  , ,     -
, ,   ,       ! -   
  ,  ,    ,   ,  
       ,      -
. 
269) Wakefield. England and America. London, 1833, v. II, p. 52. 

 XXV.    
         -
  .  ,    , 
       ,   
   .       ,   
      ,    ,  -
   .    !..      
 .          -
,             
  . 
 ,     ,        -
,     ;         -
,           ?     ,    
    ,       ,     .  , 
     ,    ,       ,    -
    ,   270). 
         -
         
 ,        . -
      , ,   
 ,    
      (a miserable wretch), ...    
,       ,    ,   -
, -       ?.. -
,        ,   ,   
  271). 
   ,          
   . 
        ?   -
         ,    
270) Wakefield. England and America. London, 1833, v. II, p. 191, 192. 
271)  , . I, . 47, 246. 

 .    

    ,        .  -
  ,      . ,   
    ,      : 
          , 
      ,      -
272)     .  ,    
    ,     , . .  -
 ,         
  ,  ,   ,     -
  ,            
     .    tout sera pour le mieux 
dans le meilleur des mondes possibles223.     -
. 
   ,    ,     
  ; , -,    ,       
     ,        ,      
              
; , -,  ,        ,  
           273). 
   , ,    (sufficient 
price), . .  ,      -
    ,    ,       
 274).        ,   -
  ,        
       .       
 -
272) ,  ,    ,   ,    
        ... ,    -
   ,    ,   ...     -
,     ,   .     ,  ... 
  ,     ,       (Colins, . 
., . III, . 267271,   ).
273) Wakefield. England and America. London, 1833, v. II, p. 192. 
274)  , . 45. 

 XXV.    
      ,      -
  ,       -    
 -. 
   ,       
  ,  -    
  .  , ,   ,    
 224.    ,        
   .       
,    ,    
.   ,     ,     -
  ,       , 
             -
 ,        .   , -
           -
    ,     ,  -
     ,    -
  ,   . .,   ,     -
  .  ,     -
    .    
  ,        -
     .    -
 ,      ,  
    ,      ,  -
 ,   ,        
 ,    ,   275),  -
  ,          
     
275)       , , ,   
,   ,   ,   ,  -
 .    ,       1862 .,   , 
     (The Land Law ol Victoria by the Hon G. Duffy, Minister of 
Public Lands. London, 1862). 

 .    
 glut of the Australian labour-market,         
,    . 
      .     , -
           : 
    ,  ,  -
      ,  
  , . .   . 






 
    .         
  ,   40-     . ,    -
 ,     ,      -
    (. . . ., 4 ., . 19, . 5). 
         1843 .  . -
  ,       ,   
     .       -
     ,  -  1844 ,  
,  ,    ,     . 
       ,  -
     ,      -
  . 
  ,     18481849 .,   
      ,       -
 1849 .             
  ,  ,      .  -
          ,    -
   ,  ,    ,    -
. 
      .       
         .     -
     ,    .   ,  
1857 .    


  ,         
    . 
  1857   1858 .      50  ,  
     .       19391941 . 
 -         Grundrisse der Kritik 
der politischen Oekonomie (    ).   1857 .  -
,  ,   ,      
.   ,    ,   
 : 
1)   (   ); 2)   ; 3)   ; 4) 
 ; 5)   ; 6)   .    ( )   
 : )  , )  , ) , )  ,  
       : 1)   , 2)  -
   3)    ,    , .  ,   -
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.          -
. 
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  3) .            
         .  ,     
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 ,      ,   , 
       , . .   ,       
.            -
      18571858 . 
        1859 .       -
   , . .     ,   -
  18571858 .       
   . ,          
             -
  .     .    1861 .    -
       1863 .     200  -
,  23 ,   ,    1859 .,     -
.     ( VIXV  XVIII)    -
.          


 -         (IV  
).         XIXXXIII     -
.       ,     , 
  ,     .  ,   XIX  XX  
         ;    
            
   .   XXIXXIII   , -
    ,      .    
  XVIXVII.  ,  18611863 . ,     
,     . 
            ,   
        .    - 
 ,        .  ,    
     13  1860 .,     :  I)  -
 .  II)   .  III)    .  IV)  
 .          -
               . 
          ,      , 
   1861 1863 .     .     
    ,      ,   
   ,   ,   , 
      ,      
 . .            (  1863   1865 .)  
 ,         -
 .            ( 1866 .),  -
      , ,   ,       
  ,       .     
              -
  .   ,         -
         1859 .    
              
(  ),         (  ). 
       ( 1867 .)       
            .   -
     (1872 .),        -
,   


   1872 .      ,    -
    ,      18721875 
. 
  ,          -
 ,     .     .   -
      I .    -
  -   .        -
 ,   ,   ,   ,    -
     ,    ,   
             -
.           . 
             
     1885 .     1894 .       -
  . 
            (-
  1887 .),     (1883)   (1890)      
 .     ,     ,   -
   :        (1888, 1889  1891),  -
     - (1887, . 1889  1890);       (1885), 
    (1885),     (1886),     (1886),  -
   (18841889),    (1894),     ,  
. 
     (1890) ,     , 
        .     
        .      -
    .  5. 
2             1867 .   -
  .         ,  ,   
   .            -
  ,      .  5. 
3       . : Herr Bastiat-Schulze von Delitzsch, der okonomische Julian, 
oder: Capital und Arbeit. Berlin, 1864 (-  -,  ,    
. , 1864).  5. 
4 Mutato nomine de te fabula narratur (    ,     )     
,  ,  1.  6. 


5   (Blue Books)         -
    .  ,    -  -
,     XVII .        -
     .  10. 
6 Segui il tuo corso, e lascia dir le genti! (  ,      !)  -
      , ,  V.  11. 
7 S. Mayer. Die sociale Frage in Wien. Studie eines Arbeitgebers. Wien, 1871 (. .    
.   . , 1871).  13. 
8        (1890)     -
 .      .  13. 
9        1838 .    .  -
  ,       , -
          - .   1815 . 
       ,          80 
.  .  1822 .     ,   1828 .    -
,               , 
,      .      -
  ,         ,     -
    .         -
      .      
1846 .  17. 
    . :  . .   . , 
1867,    Demokratisches Wochenblatt ( ),  31, 
34, 35  36  1868 .  18691876 .        Der Volksstaat (-
 ).  18. 
11      La philosophie positive. Revue ( . ), -
    1867 1883 .       1868.   
     ,  E. . -,   
 . .  19. 
12 . .     .        . 
, 1871, . 170.  19. 
13   (  -    )   . . -
.  19. 


14 .  ,  13, . 68.  20. 
15       , , ,   .  21. 
16 
          2/3 ,     
 .  28. 
17               
.  31. 
18       ,       
   18611865 .  34. 
19       .  36. 
20      ,    
       16  1863 .,   -
   contra ,     .    -
,     1891  (.  ,  22).  36. 
21     ,      .    8 
 1871 .   -      ,   -
 -      ,  -
       .      
   ,           
     .    .    
   .          .  
37. 
22 ø. ,  I,   ( ).  39. 
23        ,   ,     
       (.   IV.  I,  II,  -
).  39. 
24     .   (Hudibras),  II,  1.  45. 
25 . : W. Jacob. An Historical Inquiry into the Production and Consumption of the Precious Metals. In two 
volumes. London, 1831 (. .       -
 .   . , 1831).  49. 
26 
[W. Petty.] A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions. London, 1667, p. 47 ([. .]     -
. , 1667, . 47).  52. 


27           IV,  I.   
  III    ,  ,    .    : 
:      ,    .  56. 
28 Paris vaut bien une messe (  )    IV    1593 .    
    ,        . 62. 
29         : Aristotelis opera ex recensione 
Immanuelis Bekkeri. Tomus IX. Oxonii, 1837, p. 99, 100 (. .   -
.  IX, , 1837, . 99, 100).  69. 
30 -     (  ),      ; 
   .  71. 
31 . .  .     - ,  I (.  -
,  4, . 71 127).  78. 
32 ø. ,  I,   ( ).  78. 
33    18481849 .       .   
        ,  -
.            ,  -
    ( ).  81. 
34         On Protection to Agriculture. Fourth edition. 
London, 1822, p. 21 (  .  . , 1822, . 21).  
      ,  ,     
           -
  .  86. 
35     ,     ,  -
  .        ,  . 
 ,   ,    ,    ,     
    ,    .  89. 
36 .    ,  III,  .  93. 
37       ,    XIIXIX .  94. 
38 ø. ,  I,   ( ).  96. 
39       ,     (. -
 ).  


 I .         ,   
      .     . 17  13.  96. 
40       XV   XVI      
 ,      - . 
      100   (),  -
   () .  97. 
41      (. Digesta  ),     -
 .            
 .     533 .    .  
101. 
42 [W. E. Parry.] Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific; performed 
in the Years 181920, in His Majesty's Ships Hecla and Griper, under the Orders of William Edward 
Parry. London, 1821 ([. . ].  ,   181920 .    
           -
      . , 1821).     , -
     1821 .,     . 277 278.  105. 
43         .     -
       .       , ,  
           .      
    ,   .       -
      - .  109. 
44    -  1707 .,      -
  .   ,   ,     
 ,    .  109. 
45 .  , ,  XXIV.  113. 
46    :       .  114. 
47 . .     (.  ,  13, . 72).  116. 
48 The course of true love never does run smooth (     )  . -
.    ,  I,  .  118. 


49 Disjecta membra poetae (  )     ,  ,  4.  
118. 
50        Maximes du docteur Quesnay, ou Resume de ses principes 
d'economie sociale (  ,       ), 
  : Physiocrates. Avec une introduction et des commentaires par E. Daire. Partie I, Paris, 
1846, p. 392. (.      . .  I, , 1846, . 
3,92).  119. 
51   olet ( )         (6979 .) -
 ,         .  120. 
52 . . Muller. Die Elemente der Staatskunst. Theil II, Berlin, 1809, S. 280 (. . .   
 .  II, , 1809, . 280).  135. 
53  :   sovereign  , ,   ,   
 .  137. 
54 . Boisguillebert. Le detail de la France. In: Economistes financiers du XVIII-e siecle. Paris, 1843, p. 213 (. 
.   .  : - XVIII . , 1843, 
. 213).  141. 
55 . .  1767 .  145. 
56 -     ,   1600  1858    
      ,     .   
XVIII . ,    ,     .   -
     .      
           . -
-  18571859 .        -
 :   ,      .  
145. 
57 East India (Bullion). Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 8 February 1864 
(  (). ,        8  
1864 ).  145. 
58    . : Verbum Sapienti ( ),    -
       : The Political Anatomy of Ireland. 1672. London, 1691 
(  . 1672. , 1691).  153. 
59     . : The High Price of Bullion a Proof of the Depreciation of Bank Notes. 
The Fourth Edition, Corrected. London, 1811 (      . 
 , . , 1811).  154. 


60 Currency principle (  ),        
,     .   ,     
      .      -
            -
              
.      ,     
          
.           XIX .  -
       (  1844 .)      
           . 
(.   .  13, . 164165.)  155. 
61 .  58.  156. 
62         ,    ,  
;   1795 .          . 
 174. 
63 Hic Rhodus, hic salta! ( ,   !    :   ,    -
!)  ,    (   ), ,     
   .  177. 
64          .   1859 . 
           
,    .     ,     
    ,      . 
  ,      - .   -
          .  , 
  ,      (),   
    ,    1864 .  -
,      ,   , 
      .      -
            -
  .  179. 
65 . Storch. Cours d'economie politique, ou Exposition des principes, qui determinent la prosperite des nations. 
Tome I, St.-Petersbourg, 1815, p. 288 (. .   ,   , -
  .  I, .-, 1815, . 288).  193. 


66 A. Cherbuliez. Richesse ou pauvrete. Exposition des causes et des effets de la distribution actuelle des richesses 
sociales. Paris, 1841, p. 14 (. .   .     -
   . , 1841, . 14).  193. 
67 ,              
 ø,  I,   ( ).  205. 
68 Tout pour le mieux dans le meilleur des mondes possibles (       )  -
    .  206. 
69 ø. ,  I,   (   ).  206. 
70 .   ,  ,  155156.  227. 
71            
      ,         
   Die Grundlagen der Nationalokonomie (  ),   
,      .  ,   
:   ,    ,      , -
...  . .  229. 
72         ,    -
   ,           
-   .         
.  229. 
73 W. Jacob. A Letter to S. Whitbread, being a Sequel to Considerations on the Protection Required by British Agriculture
. London, 1815, p. 33 (. .  .       
,       , , 1815, . 33),  
231. 
74      1833 .   .  , . 288289.  235. 
75  (     )   -   
         ,  
  .        
       ,      
 .          
    .  239. 
76 A. Ure. The Philosophy of Manufactures: or, An Exposition of the Scientific, Moral, and Commercial Economy of 
the Factory System of Great Britain. London, 1835, p. 406 (. .  ,   -
,     


   . , 1835, . 406).  239. 
77 Little shilling men (  ),   ,     -
 XIX      .      
           . 
       ,      
      ,    . -
      .         
  ,       .   -
,     ,    ,  -
     .  , ,   -
             -
, . .       ,    -
  .            
 (.  ,  13, . 6667).  244. 
78 .  64.  248. 
79 Reglement organique ( )      (  
),   1831 . . . ,      ,  
     -  18281829 .  -
 ,       ,  
 ,     ,   -
 ,   .     
   ,    ,     .  
     ,        
 :    ,  ,  
    .  249. 
80 .    (The Cock and the Fox).  253. 
81 Ecce iterum Crispinus (  )    IV  ,  (   
) ,      .      
:          .  259. 
82         VIV .   . -
    ,   .  ,  ,  
            .  260. 


83       1933 .     1223 ,   
               
   .  262. 
84         .    (.  , 
 7, . 269).  266. 
85 W. Strange. The Seven Sources of Health. London, 1864, p. 84 (. .   . 
, 1864, . 84).  268. 
86 Britons never, never shall be slaves! (, ,     !)    -
   , , ).  274. 
87 -    ,         
275. 
88 .  4.  277. 
89 Apres moi le deluge! (   !)         XV  -
    ,          -
     . 279. 
90 
              
    .          -
   .  281. 
91 
     ,      13471350 .  
 ,      25 .    1/4  -
 .  281. 
92 .  58.  282. 
93 Factories Inquiry Commission. First Report of the Central Board of His Majesty's Commissioners. Ordered, by the 
House of Commons, to be printed, 28 June 1833, p. 53 (   .   
    .       28  
1833 ., . 53).  288. 
94 Periculum in mora (  )        : Ab 
urbe condita (    ),  XXXVIII, . 25.  289. 
95 Report from the Committee on the Bill to regulate the Labour of Children in the Mills and Factories of the United 
Kingdom: with the Minutes of Evidence. Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, 8 August 1832 (-
             .  
 .       8  1832 .).  289. 


96        ()     
          ,  
   .  290. 
97        ,    8  
1838 .   ,     .     -
:    ( ,  21 ),    , -
 ,   ,       -
 ,  .  290. 
98      (.  9)      
,              
        (big loaf).        -
            . -
       .      -
           .  
291. 
99          XVIII . -
  (     17921795 .)    -
,   .  294. 
100    (loi des suspects)  ,      19 
 1858 .           -
            , -
       .  295. 
101 .  18.  295. 
102 . .  ,  IV,  .  296. 
103 . .  ,  IV,  .  297. 
104  10      12 ,    
  .    ,  -
    ,          -
.  297. 
105          Theorie des loix civiles, ou Principes 
fondamentaux de la societe. Tome II, Londres, 1767, livre V, chapitre XX (  ,  
  .  II, , 1767,  V,  XX).  297. 


106       Die Geheimnisse des christlichen Alterthums ( -
 ) ,         .  
297. 
107   -     ,     
        , . .     
     (courtes seances),       
 .  ,   ,    ,   
         ,    
  .  300. 
108      ,     20  25  1866 .  
  60 ,   60  ,   -. 
        ,   -
 ,   ,      -  . 
             -
  .  310. 
109          -
           -
  (.  ,  16, . 194203).      -
   .  310. 
110           (  
).  311. 
111 Magna Charta  Magna Charta Libertatum (  )       -
 ,   1215 .    .    
    ,      -
.      ,    -
       .          
  ,           
 .  311. 
112 Quantum mutatus ab illo! (     ,  !)      
,  ,  274.  311. 
113               -
   .    .     ,  
   -       XVIII . 
 317. 


114  ,      ,     ( , -
),    -   ,   
             -
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115 . A. Quetelet. Sur l'homme et le developpement de ses facultes, ou Essai de physique sociale. Tomes III, 
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116 W. Roscher. System der Volkswirthschaft. Band I: Die Grundlagen der Nationalokonomie. Dritte, vermehrte 
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, 1858, . 88 89).  335. 
117      -     (-
  ),   1844 .     -
   ,        
   .  343. 
118 .  49.  355. 
119 Bellum omnium contra omnes (   )        
  .  369. 
120  ,        494 .  . .  
,       ,   .  
      ,    ,  -
    .            
  , ,  ,           
    .  373. 
121     (Society of Arts)  -   -
,   1754 .  .       -
,      ,     ,  
,    . .          -
.        .  376. 
122 Hegel. Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. Werke. Zweite Anflage, Bd. VIII. Berlin, 1840, S. 247 (. 
  . .  ,  VIII. , 1840, . 247).  376. 
123 .  49.  376. 


124    .     Concerning Happiness, A Dialogue 
(  )     ,   Diaries and Correspondence
 (  ),     .  378. 
125         : Adversus mathematicos, liber 
XI, 44 ( ,  XI, 44).  378. 
126   30       V .  . .    -
        .   
       .  378. 
           
 ,         -
   . ,    ,   
   ,     , ,     
     .  379. 
128  . 21  .  (.  76).  381. 
129    ,          -
        .       -
       .     -
 XIX .,          .  384. 
130     17641767 .          -
 .  385. 
131 .   , . 25.  385. 
132 Baynes. The Cotton Trade. Two Lectures on the above Subject, Delivered before the Members of the Blackburn 
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133               ,  
   .    XIII .     
        .  XVIII  XIX .   
  .          .  
411. 
134 .   .  417. 
135              . .  
., 1935.  419. 


136  . 22  .  (.  76).  432. 
137 .  , . 289  .  432. 
138 .  , . 298,  157.  436. 
139      (les bagnes mitiges)  : La fausse industrie morcelee, 
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. 125126).           .  438. 
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(): Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 15 April 1856 (, 
       15  1856 .); Return to an Address of the 
Honourable the House of Commons, dated 24 April 1861 (,     
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444. 
142 Tenth Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Organization and Rules of Trades Unions and 
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, 1868, . 63, 64).  446. 
143 Nominibus mollire licet mala (   )      -
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144      : Corn, Grain and Meal. Return to an Order of the Honourable 
the House of Commons, dated 18 February 1867 (,   .    -
     18  1867 .).  462. 
145       1799  1800 .   ,   
          .     
  1824 .,          .     -
     .  ,   


                -
   .  465. 
146 .  98.  466. 
147              
  -      (1833 .).    -
   ,     , 
            -
    .         
             
(18391842),       .  469. 
148 .  129.  470. 
149 .  133.  475. 
150 .  49.  482. 
151        ,    -
   .        10   -
 .  483. 
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Commons, dated 24 April 1861, p. 9 (. ,      
  24  1861 ., . 9).  486. 
153 . .  ,  IV,  .  498. 
154 Ne sutor ultra crepidam! (,   !)  ,   -
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499. 
155 .  5.  506. 
156       (An die Natur)    XVIII . 
  .  522. 
157 P. J. Proudhon. Systeme des contradictions economiques, ou Philosophie de la misere. T. I, Paris, 1846, p. 73 (. 
. .   ,   . . I, , 1846, . 73).  
523. 
158      18611865 .      , 
    


 .   ,      
       .      1865   -
     .  550. 
159   Essai sur la nature du commerce en general (    )  
 .          -
  .  566. 
            .  
  ( )      ,  -
    .     ,     
  .   ,  :    ?.. - !   -
!  ... mon Dieu!      ,     ?.  588. 
161      ,           
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         .  -
       .    -
         1848 .    
        .  591. 
162 Simonde de Sismondi. Nouveaux principes d'economie politique, ou De la richesse dans ses rapports avec la population
. Tome I, Paris, 1819, p. 119 (  .    ,   -
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163  (  , . 1)   ,      -
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164 Hegel. Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts. Werke. Zweite Auflage, Bd. VIII, Berlin, 1840, S. 259.  602. 
165    : J. St. Mill. A System of Logic, ratiocinative and inductive, being a connected View of the 
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           -
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    ( I,  6),        
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167           ,  25  
1848 .           
.   keinen Datum hat  keinen Datum nicht hat, . .  -
       .     -
 .       .  ,  5, . 
375.  605. 
168 .  .  607. 
169       ø,  I,   (  -
).  607. 
170   ,       , -
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171 J. . Say. Traite d'economie politique. Cinquieme edition. Tome premier, Paris, 1826, p. 130131 (. . . 
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172 Determinatio est negatio    .        
 ,   .        
    (. . . ,   50).  610. 
173    .  Political Economy: its Objects, Uses, and Principles: considered with Reference 
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174  nulla dies sine linea (    )    
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175 Linguet. Theorie des loix civiles, ou Principes fondamentaux de la societe. Tome I, Londres, 1767, p. 236.  629. 


176 Peculium ()      ,       -
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         ,    ,  
  ,      .    
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177 A. Smith. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Vol. I, Edinburgh, 1814, p. 142 (. 
.       . . I, , 1814, . 142).  635. 
 1849  1859 .     :  (18531856),   
(18561858  18591860)    (18561857).  ,  1849 .   -
 ,   18571859 .        -
 .  652. 
179 .  96.  660. 
180 J. Steuart. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy. Vol. I, Dublin, 1770, p. 39, 40 (. . 
    .  I, , 1770, . 39, 40).  662. 
181 .  151.  666. 
182 H. .  VIII.  667. 
183     .       (.  ,  2). 
 668. 
184 A. Smith. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Vol. I, Edinburgh, 1814, p. 6.  668. 
185 .  133.  668. 
186 Low Church ( )         -
   .     -
    ,    - -
.   (   )       
    ,        .  690. 
187 .  151.  690. 
188 .  ,  173.  691. 
189       Le nouvcau monde industriel et societaire ( -
   


),  ,    XXXVI;  ,  .  708. 
190 .  91.  715. 
191     .  721. 
192  .    ø  (  ).  722. 
193 
    .      
1857 .     ,      .   
          . 
       ,  -
 ,  -      . 
         . -
     .   60-     
.  70-     .  724. 
194 
Acerba fata Romanos agunt scelusque fraternae necis (     -
 )  .  7.  724. 
195           XV   , 
        ,     -
   :  ,    ,   -
,         , ,   .  
728. 
196 J. Steuart. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy. Vol. I, Dublin, 1770, p. 52.  730. 
197 Pauper ubique jacet (  )      ,  , 
 218.  733. 
198 ,        ,   1597 .    -
,       .      , 
      ,        -
    .  734. 
199          -
 1688 .,         ,   
      .  735. 
200      1796 .   ; A Letter from the Right Honourable Edmund Burke to 
a Noble Lord, on the 


Attacks made upon him and his Pension, in the House of Lords, by the Duke of Bedford, and the Earl of Lauderdale, 
Early in the present Sessions of Parliament (       
 ,               
       ).  735. 
201    ,      367 .  . .    -
           . -
        ,    -
     .      
    .  738. 
202      17451746 .    ,  -
          .   
               
 .         -
      ,         -
 .  740. 
203 ,       .   .   -
   (.  ,  8, . 521528),      -
  ,       ( ). 
        (),    
,         . ,   , -
     .        
,       .      
    .  740. 
204          ,   .  
740. 
205      : .   .     -
,    New-York Daily Tribune 9  1853 . (.  ,  8, 
. 521528).  741. 
206 .  121.  743. 
207 Petty Sessions ( )      ;     -
 .  746. 
208 A. Smith. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Vol. I, Edinburgh, 1814, p. 237.  
748. 
209 .  175.  748. 


210 .  145.  749. 
211          .     -
 ,        .      -
           (.  145),    
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212           1793   1794 .  752. 
213 A. Anderson. An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce, from the Earliest Accounts 
to the present Time (A. .         -
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214 J. Steuart. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy. Vol. I, Dublin, 1770, First book, Ch. XVI.  
755. 
215 .  56.  762. 
216 G. Gulich. Geschichtliche Darstellung des Handels, der Gewerbe und des Ackerbaus der bedeutendsten handeltreibenden 
Staaten unsrer Zeit. Bd. I, Jena, 1830, S. 371 (. .   , -
       . . I, , 1830, . 371).  763. 
217   , -,         Aanwysing 
der heilsame politike Gronden en Maximen van de Republike van Holland en West-Friesland ( -
         ),  
    1662 .   ,  ,    , -
   ,         (  -
   ).  766. 
218 .  213.  769. 
219    ,     XVIXVIII .   -
        -    .  769. 
220 Tantae molis erat (  )      ,  ,  
33. 769. 
221 . Pecqueur. Theorie nouvelle d'economie sociale et politique, ou Etudes sur l'organisation des societes. Paris, 
1842, p. 435 (. .      ,    -
 . , 1842, . 435).  771. 
222 .  170.  780. 


223 .  68.  782. 
224      1844 .        , 
 1844 .     .       , 
     ,   ,     -
  .  ,   ,  14 .  -
. ,      1844 .,     
      ,        ,   -
 ,       ,   
    1844 .    .   . 
 783. 

 
 
 (Addington),  (1729 
1796)   ,  
  .  737. 
 (18441925)    
  IX,  1863 .  
     -
    VII. 
 265.
 (Anderson),  (. 1692 
1765)    -
,     . 
 755, 769.
 (Anderson),  (1739 1808) 
   , 
    -
  .  515, 
572, 631, 737, 740, 755. 
 (16651714)    
(17021714).  174, 747. 
   (I .  . .)  
 .  419. 
 ( I .  70  II .)  -
  .  
738. 
 (Arbuthnot),   -
 ,  -
  1773 .    
  -
     -
    .  
318, 337339, 734, 738. 
 (Ariosto),  (1474 1533) 
     
,    
.  39. 
 (384322  . .)   
 ,   -
    -
,   ; 
    -
  -
 ,   -
 .  6870, 92, 95, 163, 175, 
338, 419. 
 (Arkwright),  (17321792) 
  ; -
     -
,   .  388, 393, 
435, 439, 499. 
 (VII .  . .)  -
 -.  378. 
 (. 287212  . .)   
   . 
 314.

 
 ( II   III .)  -
   .  110,
143.
 
 (Babbage),  (1792 1871) 
    ,
 .  359, 362, 387,
403, 416.
 (Basedow),  - 
(17231790)   .  
500. 
 (Byles),   (18011884) 
  ,   -
, ,    ,
   . 
281, 748, 749.
 (Ballard),  (1820 1897)  
 ,  -
  .  480. 
 (Balzac),   (1799 1850) 
   -
.  602. 
 (Bankes),  (1788 1856)  
    -
, ,  .  690. 
 (Barbon),  (1640 1698) 
  , -
,     
;   -
   . 
4346, 134, 140, 154 156, 630.
 (Barton),  ( XVIII 
 XIX .)   ,
  
 .  645, 687.
 (Bastiat),  (1801
1850)   -
,   
    -
.  18, 70, 91, 92, 204. 419, 575.
 (Butler),  (1612 1680) 
 -,   
.  45. 
 (Bebel),  (1840 1913)  
    -
 -
 ,     
  -, 
 I ,  1867 .  
,      -
;     -
    -
 .  37. 
 (Baker),    50 60- -
   . 
 309, 411, 436, 458, 721.
 (Bailey),  (1791 1870) 
   
;    -
    -
   ; 
    
   
.  59, 65, 72, 93, 545, 624.
 (Baynes),    -
   ; 
1857 .     
  .  400, 402.
 (Beccaria),  (1738 1794) 
  ,   -
;   -
  XVIII .  378. 
 (Beckmann),  (1739 1811) 
   ,  
     . 
 438.
 (Bell),  (17741842)  -
   .  289, 677.
 (Bellers),  (1654 1725) 
 ,  -
    ; 
   
.  142, 149, 156, 337, 360, 438,
491, 499, 500, 628.
 (Bentham),  (1748 1832) 
   , 
 .  187, 623 
625. 
 (Burke),  (17291797)  -
    -
,      
; 

 
      
,   -
,     -
    XVIII 
.  218, 246, 334, 735, 770. 
 (Berkeley),  (1685 1753) 
   , 
   
, ,   -
   ;  
   ; 
  -
 .  347, 366. 
 (Bidaut), . . (  
XIX .)   , -
 .  331. 
 (Biese),  (18031895)  -
 ,   , -
    .  
419. 
- (Beecher-Stowe),  -
 (18111896)   -
 ,  -
    
.  741. 
 (Blanqui),   (1798 
1854)    -
    , 
   
.  286, 349. 
 (Blanqui),   (18051881) 
   -
,   -
,    
1830  1848 .  286. 
 (Blakey),  (1795 1878)  
  .  
733. 
 (Block),  (18161901)  
    
,   
 .  19. 
 (Boxhorn),   
(16121653)     
.  438. 
 (Bolingbroke),  (1678 
1751)   -
-,    
,     .  
765. 
 (Boulton),  (1728 1809)  
   . 
 400.
 (Bright),  (1811 1889)  
 ,  -
 ,    
     
 ;   60-  -
    ; 
     -
 .  17, 266, 293, 
569, 664, 691. 759. 
 (Bray),   (1809 1895) 
  , -
,  . ; -
   .  78. 
 (Brentano),  (1844 1931) 
    
,    -
 -.  3640. 
 (Brindley),  (1716 1772) 
    . 
 361.
 (Brodie),  (1783 1862) 
   .  289. 
 (Broadhurst), .  -
   XIX ., -
   -
 .  64. 
 (Brougham),  ,  
(17781868)     -
,  2030-   -
  , - (1830 
1834).  769. 
 (Bruckner),  (17261804) 
   -
, .  630. 
 (Boisguillebert),  (1646 
1714)   , -
 ,  
   
  .  141, 152. 

 
 (Boileau),  (1636 1711)  
    -
.  667. 
 (Boileau),  (1200 1269)  
  () -
,     
   -
 .  497. 
 (Buchanan),  (1779 1848) 
     
,    
. .  137, 570, 740, 741. 
 (Bacon), ,  -
 (15611626)   -
 ,  -
 ; -
  .  401, 402, 731, 732. 
 (Buchez),  (1796 1865)  
    -
,  ,  
   . 
 752.
 
 (Valentin),   
(18101883)   .  
494. 
 (Vanderlint),  (.  
1740 .)   , -
 ,    
   
.  134, 141, 156, 284, 285, 323, 342, 
360, 630. 
 (Wellington),  , 
 (17691852)   -
   , -
, - (18281830).  
 (  ) (70 
19  . .)    -
.  311, 769. 
 (Verri),  (17281797)  
  , 
     -
.  52, 100, 144, 341 
 (Vico),  (1668 1744) 
  -
  ,  -
   
 .  383. 
 III  (1650 1702)  
  (16721702), 
  (16891702).  735. 
 IV (17651837)   
 (18301837).  299. 
 (Villiers).  (1802 1898)  
    
, ,  .  
278. 
 (Wirth),  (18221900)  -
   -
  .  87, 240. 
 (Vissering),  (1818 
1888)    -
   .  512. 
 (Witt),   (16251672)  -
  , 
   -
 (1653 1672),  -
   .  
630, 766. 
 (Vauban),    
(16331707)   , 
 ,    
  .  152. 
 (Vaucanson),   (1709 
1782)   , 
   
;   
-.  393. 
 (Voltaire),   (1694 
1778)   -, 
-, ,  
  -
 XVIII .,   -
  .  206, 782. 
 (Wolff),  (1809 1864)  
  , 
  ,   
 ;  1846 
1847 .   
-

 
  ,  
 1848 .   -
  ,  18481849 . 
   Neue Rheinische 
Zeitung;      -
.  3. 
 (Wolff),  (1679 1754)  
 -, . 
 623.
 
 (Galiani),  (1728
1787)    -
,   ; -
,    -
  ,     -
     -
   .  84, 99, 100, 110,
164, 169, 325, 658.
 (Haller),   (17681854) 
    , -
   .  
401. 
 (Hamm),  (1820 1880)  
 ;     
  .  513. 
 (Ganilh),  (1758 1836) 
  
;  , 
.  70, 91, 185, 190, 458.
 (Garnier),  (1754 1821) 
   
, ;   -
;    . -
.  375, 563.
 (Gaskell),   
, ,  
  XIX .  445, 446,
454.
 (Hastings),  (1732 1818) 
   -
  (1774 1785),   
   
,  1788 .     
   -
,    
    -
 .  762. 
 (Guthrie),   (1785 
1856)   .  289. 
 (Hegel),    
(17701831)   -
   , 
 ,  -
   -
;   . 
 21, 22, 53, 101, 179, 190, 272, 318, 376,602.
 (Heine),  (1797 1856)  -
   . 
 311, 624.
 (Huxley),   (1825 
1895)   , 
,  
 .     
.  494. 
 (Helvetius),   
(17151771)   -
 ,  -
 , ,  
   -
 .  623. 
 III (15511589)  
 (15741589).  142.
 VII (14571509)  
 (14851509).  282, 731 744.
 VIII (14911547)  
 (15091547). 731, 744, 745.
 II (16831760)   -
 (17271760).  48, 106. 749, 750.
 III (17381820)   -
 (17601820).  750. 
ø (Goethe),   (1749
1832)     
.  39, 78, 96, 205, 206, 300,
607, 722.
 (Gisborne),  (1758 1846) 
  ,    
   .  
768. 
 (Gladstone),   
(18091898)   -

 
 , ,  ,
   XIX .   -
  ;  -
 ( ) (18521855
 18591866)  -
(18681874, 1880 1885, 1886, 1892
1894).  36 40, 462, 666, 667, 751.
 (Hobbes),  (1588 1679) 
  , -
  -
; - -
    -
 .  181, 369,
402, 630.
 (Hodgskin),  (1787 1869) 
    ;
    -
    -
 ,   
 .  351, 365, 367, 547.
587, 760.
,   (. 1551 
1605)    (15981605).  
734. 
   -
 ,    . 
 72, 265, 378.
 (Hopkins),    
   XIX .  
241. 
 (  ) (658 
. .)    .  6,
118, 277, 355, 376, 482, 691, 724.
 (Gottsched),   
(17001766)     
,   -
 XVIII .  .  229. 
 (Greg),   (1795 1875)  
  , -
.  301. 
 (Gregoir), .   -
   , -
     
  , -
  1865 .  566. 
 (Gray),    -
   XVIII .,  -
   
   .  171. 
 (Gray),  (17981850)  -
 , -, 
 . ;    
  .  78. 
 (Grey),  (17991882)  -
  , ,
   (18461852,
18551858  18611866)   -
 (18541855).  298, 678.
 (Greenhow),  
(18141888)   -
.  255, 256, 303.
 (Grove),   (1811 1896) 
    .  536. 
 (Gulich),  (1791 1847) 
    -
,      -
 .  13, 763.
 
 (Doubleday),  (1790 1870) 
    , 
 ,  -
.  766. 
 (Dunning), . . (1799 1873) 
    -
.  561, 564, 565, 770.
  (Dante Alighieri) (1265
1321)    . 
11, 113, 258.
 (Darwin),   (1809
1882)   
, 
  . 
353, 354, 383.
 (Daumer),   (1800 
1875)   ,   
  . 297. 
 (Dufferin), ,  
,  ,  
(18261902)   -
   , , 
   , -
-  

 
(18721878), -  
(18841888).  722. 
 (Duffy),   (1816 1903) 
     
;  1855 .   -
,    -
 .  783. 
 (Descartes),  (1596 1650)  
  -
,   -
.  401, 402. 
  (De Quincey),  (1785 
1859)     
,  ;  
     
 .  407. 
 (Derby),    
 ,  (17991869)  -
  ,  
,     -
 ; - 
(1852, 18581859  18661868).  466. 
-,   
(18431915)   -
,   
,  70-   , 
 ,  
  .  19. 
   (Destutt de Tracy), -
  ,  (17541836)  
  , -
-;  -
 .  90, 168, 174, 337, 
339, 662. 
 (Defoe),  (. 1660 1731) 
     
,    -
.  86 88, 151, 298, 630. 
 (Jacob),  (. 17621851) 
  ,   
 .  48, 49, 231. 
 (Genovesi),  (1712 
1769)   - 
 , .  164. 
 (Gillott),  (1799 1873) 
  , 
   
   .  471. 
 (Jones),  (1790 1855)  
  ;  
     
   -
,        
   -
.  36, 318, 331, 340, 345, 581, 601, 
611, 612, 646. 
 (Diderot),  (1713 1784)  
  , 
  -
, ,    
  , 
,  .  
145. 
 (Dickens),  (1812 1870)  
  -. 
 452.
  (. 8029  . .) 
  .  154, 247, 
352, 379, 521. 
 (Dietzgen),  (1828 1888)  
  , -
   -
 ; -; 
  -. 18. 
 (Dryden),  (1631 1700)  
   , -
 .  253. 
 (Daire),  (17981847)  -
  , -
    -
.  44, 100, 119, 152, 170. 323. 
 (Ducpetiaux),  (1804 
1868)     -
,  ;  
   . 
 684, 685.
 (Dupont),  (1821 1870)  
 ,  , -
    
.  705. 
   (Dupont de Nemours), 
  (1739 

 
1817)    -
   -
.  119. 
 
 II (17291796)   -
 (17621796). 695. 
 (15331603)   -
 (15581603).  282, 733, 746, 
749, 750. 
 
 (Gerhardt),   
(18161856)   -
 . 318, 319. 
 - (Geoffroy Saint-
Hilaire),  (1772 1844)  -
  , , 
   . . 
755. 
 
 (Soetbeer),   (1814 
1892)    
  .  28. 
,   (1844 1888)  
  ;   
   
   ,    -
   
   ; 
    -
 .  19. 
 (Sorge),   (1828 
1906)     
    -
 ,  I -
;   , 
     ;  
 ,  1852 . -
  .  31. 
 
 (Eden),   (1766 
1809)   -
 ,  . .  
255, 615, 629631, 687, 688, 733, 736, 
738, 739, 767, 768, 770. 
  (. 340420)  -
,     
,   .  113, 114. 
 II  (13191364)  -
  (13501364).  748. 
 (73 4  . .)    (40 
4  . .).  414. 
 (436338  . .)  -
 ,   
.  379. 
 
 (Culpeper),  (1578 1662) 
   , 
 .  770. 
 (Cantillon),  (1680 
1734)   , 
 , .  
566, 630. 
 (Cantillon),   -
 ,    -
     1759 . 
     -
  .  566. 
  (. 742814)   
 (768800)   (800 
814).  738. 
 I (16001649)    
(16251649),    -
   XVII . 
 732, 733 II (16301685)    
(16601685).  135. 
 V (15001558)    -
    
(15191556)    
(15161556)    I.  747. 
 VI (16851740)    
   -
 (17111740).  438. 
  (16221660)    
(1654-1660).  735. 

 
 XI (16551697)    
(16601697).  735. 
 (Carlisle),  (1768 1840) 
  , .  289. 
 (Carlyle),  (1795 1881)  
 ,   -
-,   
    -
,  1848 .   
 ;    
.  266. 
 (Carli),   (17201795) 
  ,    
     ; -
  .  341. 
 (Castlereagh),  , -
 (17691822)   -
 , ,  -
    (18051806, 
18071809),    
(18121822).  439. 
,   (1848 
1916)    , 
  , 
     -
  .  1921. 
 (Cazenove),    
  , -
 .  209, 328, 532. 
580, 592. 610. 
 (Kent),  (1737 1810)  
 ,    
  .  737. 
 (Quesnay),  (1694 1774)  
  , 
  ;  -
 .  17, 119, 331, 566, 604, 
630. 
 (Cairnes),   (1823 
1875)    
  ;   
   .  208, 276, 
344. 
 (Quetelet),  (1796 1874)  
  
; ,   -
;    
  .  334. 
 (Kincaid),  (1787 1862)  
 ,  1850 . -
     .412. 
,  ,  (1788 
1872)    -
  , ,  1829 
1834 .     
  .  249. 
 (Clauren),  ( 
  ) (17711854)  
 ,  -
 .  235. 
 (Claussen),    
,  -
 .  383. 
 (Clement),    
,      
1695 .   -
      
,       
   .  100. 
 (Caus),   (15761626)  
 .  388. 
 (Cobbett),  (1762 1835) 
     
,   -
 ,   
  -
 .  298, 733, 764. 766. 
 (Cobden),  (1804 1865)  
 ,  -
 ,    
     
 ;  .  
17, 266, 293, 691. 
 (Colins),    -
  (1783 1859)  -
  , 
  ,  
   -
    

 
   -
 .  628, 705, 782. 
 (Colombo),  (1451 
1506)   , -
 ;    
,   .  
142. 
 (Colbert),   (1619 
1683)    
,   
,   
    
 .  319, 767. 
 (Condillac),   
(17151780)    
 -, ; ,  
    -
.  169, 170. 
 (Condorcet),   (1743 
1794)    -
, ,   -
    
XVIII .   ; -
    
 , -
    
 .  630. 
 (Comte),  (17981857)  
    -
,  .  19, 
344. 
 (Comte),  (1782 1837)  
  , 
 .  761. 
 (Kopp),    
(18171892)     -
 .  319. 
 (Corbet),    
  XIX .  161, 
602. 
 (Corbon),   (1808 
1891)   , 
  , 
 .  498. 
 (Cromwell),  (1599 
1658)     -
   -
    
XVII ;  1653 . - -
,   .  732, 
734, 758. 
 (. 430  . 354  . .)  
   , 
  , -
  . 379. 
 (Kugelmann),  (1830 
1902)   ,  -
 1848 1849 .  ,  I 
;    -
.  12. 
 (Cuza),  (1820 1873)  
  ,  
18591866 .    
 I  () -
    , -
  1862 .   
;      
    
  .  179. 
- (Courcelle-Seneuil),  
 (18131892)   
 ,    
   -
,       -
.  244, 611. 
 (Custodi),  (1771 1842) 
 ,  -
   -
  XVI   XIX .  
52, 84, 99, 101, 164, 169, 341, 378, 661. 
 (Campbell),  (1824 
1892)    
  ,     
;  , .  
370. 
 (Carey),   (1793 1879) 
   -
 ,   -
     -
 . 229, 542, 
574, 741, 759. 
 (Cuvier),  (1769 1832)  
  

 
,   -
,       -
   -
.  522. 
 
 (Laborde),   , 
  (17741842)   -
,   -
,   -
. 542. 
 (Lavergne),    
  (18091880)   
    
,     -
  .  513, 542, 724. 
 (Lancellotti),  
(15751643)   , -
,    . 
 438.
 (Lasker),  (1829 1884)  
  ,  
,      
- , -
   -
.  37. 
 (Lassalle),  (1825 
1864)    
,  1848 1849 .  
    
;   60-  
      
    
   (1863); 
   
    
;   
   
  .  5, 6, 
115. 
 (Lachatre),  (1814 1900) 
   -
,   , -
     
  .  25. 27, 31. 
 (Levi),  (18211888)  -
  ,   
.  743. 
 (Lemontey),   (1762 
1826)  ,  
  ,   -
    
XVIII .     -
  (17911792). 
 375.
 (Laing),  (18101897)  -
    -
,    -
    -
 ;  , -
.  209, 658, 672, 688. 
 (Linguet),    
(17361794)   , 
,   , -
  ,  -
     -
  -
.  244, 297, 346, 629, 748. 
 (Lesage),   (1668 1747) 
  ,  -
      
.  722. 
 (Lessing),   
(17291781)    -
,   ,    
 XVIII ,  21. 
  (Le Trosne),   
(17281780)   -
 , .  44, 48, 
101, 111, 122, 123, 130. 156, 169, 170, 172, 
174, 221. 
  (Le Chapelier),    
(17541794)   -
  ,  -
 14  1791 .   -
    ;   
    -
    .  
752. 
 (Liebig),  (1803 1873)  
  ,   
 .  251, 339, 398, 
515, 585. 

 
,  (59  . .  17 . .)  -
  ,   
   .  289. 
    -
 , ,  ,  
IXVIII .  . .  435. 
 (Letheby),  (1816 1876)  
   .  265. 
 (Lichnowski), ,  
(18141848)   , -
   -
,    ; 
     
   1848 .  605. 
 (  )  -
    
 IV .  . .  738. 
 (Law),  (16711729)  -
    -
,    
(17191720);   -
    -
 ,   
.  100, 630. 
 (Lauderdale), ,  
(17591839)    
   ; -
     -
  .  361. 
 (Locke),  (16321704)  -
  -, 
,  , -
    -
  .  44, 100, 
111, 135, 161, 402, 630. 
 (Laurent),  (1807 1853)  
 .  318, 319. 
   .  III. 
- (17731850)   
 (18301848).  287, 288. 
 (  ) (. 99  
. 55  . .)    
  , , .  
227. 
 XIV (16381715)   
 (16431715).  152. 
 XVI (17541793)   
 (17741792),    
   
 XVIII .  747. 
 (Luther),  (1483 1546)  
  ,  
 ()  -
;   ;  
   1525 . -
     
    .  
146, 203, 204, 319, 606, 607, 763. 
 
- (MacGregor),  (1797 
1857)   , 
,  ,  
     
  (18491856).  283. 
- (MacCulloch),   
(17891864)    
,  -
  ,   -
.  155, 161, 164, 203, 283, 331, 
419, 448, 452, 531, 622, 624, 737. 
 (Maclaren),   -
   XIX ., -
   -
.  107. 
 (Macleod),   
(18211902)    
 ,   -
   
.  71, 165. 
 (Macaulay),   
(18001859)    
   , , 
 .  283, 286, 728, 734. 
  (1832 1867)  
 , -
    -
 (18571859), 

 
  -- -
     
  -
  (18641867),  
 .  179. 
 (Malthus),   (1766 
1834)   , -
,   -
 ,  
,  -
  . 
 173, 224, 323, 365, 515, 538, 567, 568,580, 586, 592, 601, 602, 609, 610, 612, 621, 
624, 630, 648, 662, 715. 
 (Mun),  (15711641)  -
   , -
,    ,  
1615 .    - 
.  522. 
 (Mandeville),  (1670 
1733)    
.  367, 628 630. 
 (Marx),  (18181883) (-
 ).  1, 5, 12, 13, 2022, 
2532, 3440, 231. 
- (Marx-Aveling),  
(18551898)   -
    -
;   ,  1884 . -
 . .  30, 35, 39, 40. 
 (Murray),  (1779 1846)  
 .  352. 
 (Martineau),  (1802 
1876)    -
,  .  
649. 
 (Massie),  (.  1784 .)  
 ,  
   
.  523. 
 (Maurer),   (1790 
1872)     
,   
    -
.  81, 249. 
 (Meitzen),  (1822 1910) 
     -
-;     
    -
     .  249. 
 (Mendelssohn),  (1729 
1786)    -
 -.  21. 
  (.  493 .  . .)  
 .  373. 
 (Merivale),  (1806 1874) 
     
 , ,  
   .  648, 
780. 
    (Mercier de la Riviere), 
  (1720 1793)   
 , .  
119, 120, 141, 158, 161, 168, 172, 202. 
 (Mill),  (17731836)  -
    -
,   ;  
  .  
124, 135, 165, 197, 209, 365, 448, 515, 579, 
583, 586, 624. 
 (Mill),   (1806 1873) 
     
-,  -
   .  
17, 18, 135, 145, 382, 448, 515, 525527, 
604, 610, 613, 624, 759. 
 (Mirabeau),  , -
  (17151789)   
 , ;  
,  .  630, 775. 
 (Mirabeau),   
(17491791)    -
    
XVIII .,    
   -
.  488, 729, 743, 756, 757, 767. 
 (Maudslay),  (1771 1831)  
   .  
396. 

 
 (Molinari),  (1819 1912) 
    
, .  170, 433, 611, 
780. 
 (Mommsen),  (1817 
1903)     
 .  178, 182. 
 (Montalembert),  
(18101870)   -
   ,   -
    
  . , 
  .  480. 
 (Monteil),   (1769 
1850)    -
.  754, 755. 
 (Montesquieu),  (1689 
1755)    -
 ,   -
,   -
 XVIII ;  -
  .  101, 134, 135, 
629, 765. 
 (More),  (14781535)  -
  , -
, -,   
   
,  .  630, 
730, 731, 746. 
 (Morton),   (1821 
1888)   ,   
    . 
 387, 565.
 (Moore),  (. 1830 1912)  
 ,  I -
;      -
  I    -
  ,  
  .  30, 31. 
 (Murphy),    -
  ,  
 ,  , 
   , 
    1870 .  
716. 
 (Muller),   (1779 
1829)   -
  ,   -
    -
  ,  
  ; -
   . . 
 135.
 
 III (- ) 
(18081873)    -
 (1848 1851),  -
 (18521870).  286. 
 (Nasmyth),  (1808 1890) 
  ,  
 .  397, 425, 446. 
 (Niebuhr),   (1776 
1831)     -
.  247. 
 (North),  (16411691)  -
 ,    
  -
  .  111, 132, 
135, 145, 402, 630. 
 (Newmarch),  (1820 
1882)    
  .  305. 
 (Newman),   
(17971842)    
  .  170, 218. 
 (Newman),   
(18051897)     
,  ,  
   , -
   .  735, 
740. 
 (Newnham), . .  -
 .  615, 616. 
 
 (Overstone),   
,  (1796 1883)   
,  , -
     -
 .  135, 155. 

 
 (  ) (43 
. .  . 17 . .)   -
 .  449, 733.
 (Augier),    
,    -
 .  770. 
 (Olmsted),   (1822 
1903)   -
 ,    -
   .  208. 
 (Opdyke),  (1805 1880) 
  , -
 .  175. 
 (Ortes),  (1713 1790) 
  ,  
     -
 .  630, 661.
 (Owen),  (17711858)  -
  -. 
86, 104, 308, 414, 495, 512.
 
 (Palmerston),   
,  (1784 1865)  -
  ,   
  ,  1830 .  
  ,   -
   ;  -
  (1830 1834, 18351841 
 18461851),    
(1852 1855)  - 
(1855 1858  18591865).  466. 
 (Pagnini),   
(17151789)   , 
    .  101. 
 (Papillon),  (1623 1702) 
     
,    -
, ,  .  
100. 
 (Parry),   (1790 
1855)   , 
 .  105. 
 (Parry),   (1779 1860) 
  .  615, 616, 687, 688.
 (Pecqueur),  (1801
1887)   ,
-.  628, 771.
 (. 490429  . .)   
 ,  
  -
.  378. 
 (Petty),  (1623 1687) 
   
,  
   
.  52, 60, 91, 101, 102, 111, 133,
153, 156, 182, 282, 323, 354, 360, 377, 440,
566, 630, 631.
,  (. . 37 .)   
 ()  (2636). 
 604.
 (Peel),  (17501830)  -
  ,  -
, ,  - -
 .  768. 
 (Peel),  (17881850)  -
  , 
 ,    
;   
(18221827  18281830), -
 (18341835  1841 1846);
    
  (1846).  17, 154, 244,
768, 783.
 (. 522  . 442  . .) 
 ,  -
 ,  161, 430, 769.
 (Pinto),  (17151787)  
   , 
.  161. 
 (Peto),   (18091889) 
  , -
   ; 
 , ;   
  1866 .    
.  246. 
 (Pitt), ,  (1759 
1806)    
,    ; -
 (17831801  18041806).  
750. 

 
 (. 427  . 347  . .)  
 -, 
  -
,   . 
 378, 379.
 (Postlethwayt), 
(17071767)   ,
  -
 . 283, 284.
 (Potter),  (1800 1865)  
 ,  -
    ,  
    -
,  611. 
 (Potter),    
   , 
.  305, 587589. 
 (Price),  (17231791)  -
  , -
  -.  284, 686,
687, 737, 738.
   (. 480  . 411  
. .)   -
,   -
.  260. 
 (Proudhon),   (1809
1865)   , -
  ,   -
,    -
. 78. 94, 433, 523, 547, 601.
 (Pusey),  (1799 1855)  
  , -
, .  690. 
 
 (Ramazzini),  
(16331714)   , 
     
 .  376. 
 (Ramsay),  (1800 1871) 
  ,   -
  
  . 
172, 176, 326, 520, 579, 646.
 (Russel),  (1792 1878)  
  , 
 , - (1846 
1852  1865-1866).  735. 
 (Raffles),   (1781
1826)    -
,  1811 1816 . 
,    .  371,
761.
 (Redgrave),   -
   .  278, 388,
408, 413, 428, 444, 459, 466, 467, 558, 572,
573.
 (Ravenstone),  (.  
1830 .)   -
,    
,  . 
 440, 520
 (Reich),  (18361919)  -
 ,     -
    . 
 376.
 (Regnault),    
 (18011868)   
   , -
 .  250. 
 (Ricardo),  (1772 1823) 
 ,   -
  
  . 
14, 19, 72, 86, 90, 91, 93, 135, 154, 155,
177, 199, 216, 240, 241, 317, 399, 404, 405,
419, 440, 442, 448, 515, 524, 525, 531, 532,
537, 538, 575, 586, 603, 620, 621, 628, 645,
646, 768.
 (Richardson),  
(18281896)   ,  
     
  .  265267. 
 (Roberts),  (.  1860 .) 
   , -
      
 .  732. 
- (Rodbertus-Jagetzow), 
  (18051875)   
    
,   
 -

 
,    
  -
.  541. 
 (Rogers),   
(18231890)   
,     
  .  686, 691.
734, 759.
 (Roy),     
.  150, 667.
 (Rossi),  (1787 1848)
   
,    -
;     . 
184, 584.
 (Roscher),  (1817 1894) 
   , -
  .   
 .  102, 170, 217,
229, 240, 273, 335, 377, 628.
  . -,  . 
 (Roy),    
    
   .  26,
31. 
   (Rouard de Card),    
 .  260. 
 (Rubens),  (1577 1640)  
  .  
306. 
 (Ruge),  (18021880)  -
 , ;
 ;  1848 . 
  -
,     ; 
50-     
   ;
 1866 . -.  85,
163, 175.
- (Roux-Lavergne),  -
 (18021874)   -
 , -.  
752. 
 (Rousseau),   (1712 1778) 
   -
, ,   -
.  756. 

 (Sadler),   (1780
1835)    
 , 
,  ,
   .  688, 715.
 (Simon),  (1816 1904) 
 ,  -
   ,  -
  .  411, 475,
476, 669, 671673, 678, 680. 681, 694
698.
 (Saunders),    -
    40- -
 XIX .  300, 310, 414.
 (Sutherland),   
 -,  
(18061868)    
,   . 
 741.
 (Sutherland),  -
,  , ,  
1833 .  (17651839)  -
  , -
 .  741. 
  (II .)   
-.  378. 
 (Senior), Haccay  (1790
1864)    -
 ;  ,
   
.  235237, 239, 240, 273, 331, 417,
448, 494, 495, 503, 555, 559, 610, 622, 724,
742.
   (Servantes de
Saavedra),  (1547 1616)  -
  -.  92,
95, 655.
 (Sidmouth),  , -
 (17571844)   -
 , ; -
    (-
 ) (18011804);   
   (1812 1821) 
  

 
   .  439. 
 (Seely),   (1798 1886) 
    , 
 .  739. 
 (Sismondi),    
  (17731842)   
,   -
,   -
 .  14, 166, 184, 
247, 325. 546, 579, 590, 594, 595, 599, 600, 
608, 609, 648, 662, 772. 
 (Skarbek), ,  (1792 
1866)    -
   , -
 . .  338, 363, 364. 
 (Scrope),    
(17971876)    
,  , 
;  .  611. 
 (Sloane),  (16601753)  -
   , -
    
,  1753 .   
     -
    -
     
 .  735. 
 (Smith),  (17231790)  -
 ,    
  -
  .  19, 55, 
56, 91, 134, 135, 177, 283, 361, 365 367, 
374, 375. 377, 421, 470, 515, 531, 544, 546, 
548, 551, 566, 570, 572, 581, 603, 604, 608, 
625, 628, 630633, 635, 658, 668, 725, 
740, 748, 770. 
 (Smith),  (1823 1910)  
  , -
  ; ;  1871 .  
 ;   -
   ,   
XIX   XX . ,   
 ,  -
    
.  759. 
 (Smith),  (. 1818 1874)  
 ,   -
    -
     -
,     -
.  406, 668, 669. 
 (Somers),  (1822 1891)  
    
.  742, 743. 
 (. 497  . 406  . .)  -
  , 
  .  143. 
 (Spinoza),  () 
(16321677)   -
 -, .  
21, 317, 610. 
 (Stafford),  (1554 
1612)    
,   
.  754. 
 (Strype),  (1643 1737)  
   ,  
    -
  .  746. 
 (Strahan),  (1715 1785)  
   ,  
   .  631. 
 (Steuart),  (1712 1780)  
  ,  
   -
,    
.  36, 133, 155, 159, 189, 344, 365, 
440, 566, 630, 662, 730, 740, 755. 
 (Stewart),  (1753 1828) 
  ,  
   -
:    -
 .  331, 357, 373, 496, 497. 
   , -
   (1371 1714)   
 (16031714).  734. 
 (Say),   (1767 1832)  
   
, -

 
   -
    -
.  90, 124, 164, 174, 204, 217, 
375, 399, 451, 531, 547, 608, 620, 621. 
 (Sully),   , 
  (15591641)   
   IV.  630. 
 
 (Tucker),  (1712 1799)  
     
  ,   
     
. .  284, 630, 770. 
 (Tuckett),   (.  
1864 .)       
1846 .    -
    -
     -
.  374, 733, 759. 
 (Tupper),  (1810 1889)  
 ,  , -
  .  623. 
 (Townsend),  (1739 
1816)   ,   
,   
 , -
  .  365, 
630, 661, 662. 
 (Taylor),  (  
XIX  XX .)  -
   , -
     -
 .  3840. 
 (Temple),  (1628 1699)  
    
,      
  , .  
630. 
 () (13361405)  -
   , -
    -
. 273. 
 (Thompson), ,  
 (17531814)   
,      -
 -
,    
   ,  -
 .  614, 615. 
 (Thompson),  (. 1785 
1833)   , -
-,  . ; 
    -
 .  374. 
 (Thornton),   
(18131880)    
,   -
 .  182, 279, 730. 
 (Torrens),  (1780 1864)  
  , -
     
 .  172,182, 195, 
416, 448. 
 (Tremenheere),   
(18041893)     
,    -
    -
   .  
185, 260, 274. 
 (Tooke),  (17741858)  -
  , -
     
,    . 
 305.
 (Thiers),  (17971877)  
    -
 , -
 (1836,1840);  -
 (18711873),   
.  452, 726. 
      
(14851603).  758. 
 (Thunen),   (1783 
1850)    
,   
  .  635. 
 (Turgot),    (1727 
1781)     
 ;  
  ; 
   
(1774 1776).  190. 323, 543. 

 
 
 (Wyatt),  (1700 1766)  
 ,  -
 .  383. 
 (Watt),  (17361819)  -
  , 
   
.  386, 388, 389, 393, 400, 499. 
 (Wilks),  (. 1760 1831)  
   ; 
    ,  
   .  370. 
 (Wilson),  (1805 1860)  
    -
 ,   -
  Economist;  1853 
1858 .   
( ); , 
   . 
 240, 352.
 (Williams),  , -
  (1800 1883)  -
 ,  1855 .   -
    , 
    .  135. 
 (Whitbread),  (1758 
1815)    
,  , .  750. 
 (Whitney),  (1765 1825)  
 ,  
 .  395, 
403. 
 (Wallace),  (1697 1771)  
   , -
   -
,  -
 .  365, 630. 
 (Ward),      
1843 .      
  --   
    
.  277. 
 (Watson),   (1827 
1892)   ,   
   ; 
      
   -
 .  403. 
 (Watts),  (1818-1887)  -
 ,  -
,  ,  
 ,  -
.  561, 564. 
 (Urquhart),  (1805 1877)  
 ,  -
   , -
;  30-   -
   ,  1847 
1852 .  ,   110, 
376, 514, 742, 757 759. 
 (Wedgwood),  (1730 
1795)   , -
  -
  .  277, 280. 
 (Wade),   
(18001878)   -
 ,  1867 1869 . -
 ;   -
   .  10. 
 (Wade),  (17881875)  -
  , -
  .  255, 282, 632. 
 (Wakefield),   
(17961862)   -
 , , -
   . 
 279, 337, 546, 596, 688, 775783.
 (Wayland),  (1796 1865) 
     -
,     
,    -
  , . 
 174, 219.
,   . . 
 (West),  (17821828)  -
 ,   -
   -
 ,   
 .  515, 537, 554, 555. 

 
 
 (Farre),   (1774 1862) 
  .  289. 
 (Faulhaber),  (1580 
1635)     . 
 388.
 (Ferguson),  (1723 1816) 
   , 
  .  134, 366, 374, 
375. 
 (Ferrand),    
,    . 
 277, 427, 428, 587.
 (Ferrier),    
(17771861)   -
  ,  -
, .  70. 
 (Fielden),  (1784 1849)  
 ,  -
,   -
.  414, 424, 768. 
 VI (12931350)   
 (13281350).  101. 
 (Fichte),   (1762 
1814)   , 
 ,  
   XVIII  
 XIX .  62. 
 (Fletcher),  (1655 
1716)   -
, ,    
 .  733. 
 (Fleetwood),  (1656 
1723)   ,  
     .  282. 
 (Fonteret),    -
 ,     
  , -
    XIX .  
376. 
 (Forbonnais),   
,  (17221800)  -
  ,  
  .  101. 
 (Forster),  (. 1726 
1790)   -
,    -
,     -
.  284, 438, 522, 736, 737. 
 (Forster),   (1818 
1886)     -
 , ,  -
.  676, 677. 
 (Fortescue),  (. 1394  
. 1476)   ,  -
     
 .  729, 730. 
 (Fawcett),  (1833 1884)  
  , -
   ; -
 , . 569, 625, 667, 
759. 
 (Franklin),  (1706 
1790)    -
   , -
 ,    -
   ;  
,   .  60, 175, 
191, 338, 630. 
 (Freytag),  (1816 1895) 
   .  
749, 750. 
 II (17121786)   -
 (17401786).  743, 756. 
 (. 460  . 395  . .)  
  , 
   . 
 229, 378, 379.
 (Fullarton),  (17801849) 
   , 
     
 ,   
 .  139, 152, 155. 
 (Fulton),  (1765 1815)  
   , 
  .  499. 
 (Fourier),  (1772 1837)  
  -
.  300, 395, 437, 707, 708. 

 
 (Fairbairn),  (1789 1874) 
  ,   
.  446. 
 
 (Hanssen),  (1809 1894)  
  ;  
     -
   .  249. 
 (Hunter),    -
 ,     -
   .  
410, 672677, 680, 681, 691, 693, 694, 
696698, 704, 705, 732. 
 (Harris),  (1709 1780) 
   , -
 ,  ,  
 (17631765).  378. 
 (Harris), ,   
(17461820)   , 
      -
.  378. 
 (Harrison),  (15341593) 
  ,   
,    
    XVI . 
 730, 753.
 (Hassall),   (1817 
1894)   ,   
    
 .  185, 260. 
 (Hutton),  (1737 1823)  
 .  382. 
   (Howard de Walden), 
  ,  (17991868) 
  .  286. 
 (Howitt),  (1792 1879)  
 ,    -
      -
. 761. 
 (Houghton),  (.  1705 .)  
 ,   -
   , -
   .  438. 
 (Herrenschwand),  
(17281812)   -
 .  132. 
 (Hobhouse),  ,  
 (17861869)   -
 , ;   
     
 1831 .  299. 
 (Holinshed),  (. . 
1580 .)   ,  
 , ,  
    70-  XVI 
.  746. 
 (Hall),   (1816 
1902)   ,   
  .  
266. 
 (Horne),  (1730 1792)  
 ,   -
,   , 
, .    .  631. 
 (Horner),  (1785 1864)  
    -
,   (1833 
1856),     
.  236, 252, 253, 287, 291, 294, 
297, 299, 304, 411, 412, 425, 437, 562. 
 (Horner),  (1778 1817)  
    -
 ;  , 
,     
(1810),    . 
 768.
 (Juarez),   (1806 
1872)    
 ,   
  , 
     
  (18581860)  
   (1861 1867), 
  (1858 1872).  
179. 
 
 (  ) 
(V   . .)  -

 
 ,  (460  . .), 
 (458  439  . .),  
,       
 .  195. 
 (  ) (10643 
 . .)     
  , -
.  419. 
 
 (Child),  (1630 1699)  
 -, 
  .  100, 770. 
 (Chalmers),  (1780 1847) 
     
 ,  
.  164, 173. 630, 631. 
 (Chamberlain),  (1836 
1914)    
,  1873 1875 .   
  ,   -
     -
 ,    -
  ,  
 .  656. 
,   
(18281889)    -
 , ,  
  ;   -
   -
-.  17, 18. 
 
 (Schouw),   (1789 
1852)   , .  
523. 524. 
 (Chevallier),    
(17931879)     
.  260. 
 (Shakespeare),  (1564 
1616)    . 
 39, 56, 93, 118, 143. 283, 296, 297, 498,696. 754. 
 (Cherbuliez),   
(17971869)   
,  , -
    -
  .  193, 197, 597. 
 (Shee),  (18041868)  -
    -
 ,  ,  
   (18631868). 
 436.
 (Schiller),  (1759 1805) 
   .  417, 
588, 607. 
 (Schorlemmer),  (1834 
1892)    , -
  ;   
- ;  
  .  319. 
 (Stolberg),  , 
 (17501819)   , 
  -
,   -
.  522. 
 (Stolberg),  (1748 
1821)     .  
419. 
,   () 
(17661835)   , -
  ,   
 ,   
  .  
185, 193, 363, 372, 373, 604, 662. 
 (Strousberg),   
(18231884)    -
 ,  1873 . -
 .  246. 
 (Schulz),  (1797 1860) 
  ,  -
 1848 1849 .,   
   -
 .  383. 
- (Schulze-Delitzsch),  
(18081883)    
    -
,     -
    
 .  5. 

 

 (Aveling),  (1851 1898)  
 ,  -
  ;  -
 ,  -
 ;   
.  30. 
 (Everet)   -
 XVIII .  439. 
 III (13121377)   -
 (13271377).  106, 281, 748. 
 VI (15371553)   -
 (15471553).  745. 
 (Aikin),  (17471882)  -
 ,    
.  607, 608, 760, 768, 769. 
 (Emery)   -
.  395. 
 (Engels),  (1820 1895). 
 1, 2731, 3336, 40, 85, 163, 175,251, 252, 256, 265, 278, 301, 311, 411, 
433435, 455, 498, 620, 648, 668, 773. 
 (Ensor),  (1769 1843)  
 ,  -
. 741. 
 (. 341  . 270  . .)  -
  -
, .  89. 
 (Eschwege),  (1777 
1855)      
.  49. 
 (Ashley),  ,  -
 (18011885)  -
  ,  40- 
     
-,  1847 . .  413, 
414, 424, 688, 690. 
 
 (Hume),  (17111776)  -
 ,  -
, ;    
,  , 
    -
  .  133, 134, 523, 
566, 630, 631. 
 (Young),  (17411820)  -
    -
,    
.  133, 241, 283, 686, 693. 
 (Ure),  (17781857)  -
 ,   
,     -
 .  36, 239, 273, 282, 
308, 331, 361363, 380, 381,391, 398, 
415, 430432, 435, 442, 443, 446, 447, 
564,568, 572. 
 
 I (15661625)    
(16031625).  733, 746, 749. 
 (Yarranton),  (1616  . 
1684)     -
 .  360. 
   
    ,  
,     -
  .  759. 
    , -
 ,     
    ;  
     -
 ,   -
 .  113, 630, 725, 777. 
      
. 379. 
      
,    -
   
 .  611. 
     -
  ;  -
     
  

 
      -
  ,      
     -
 .  707. 
    -
 ,  . 
 39.
      -
, -.  660. 
     
 .  602. 
 ()  -
   .  290, 
660. 
     
   ,  
   .  93, 
436, 615. 
-    -
  .  92. 
      
.  373. 
    , -
  ,    
  .  759. 
,     -
    . 
 588.
     -
    -
 IV.  56. 
     
 -.  95. 
     -
,      -
  .  9. 
    , -
,     
   . 
 385, 608, 780.
    , -
   , -
  ,   -
.     -
   ,   -
   .  265. 
    ,  
  .  630. 
     , 
    ,   
,      
 .  9. 
    -
 ,  .  113. 
      -
 .  143. 
     
;     -
.  283. 
      
 ,      
  ;    
      
,     .  660. 
      
.  298. 
     -
  .  8688. 
     -
,    .  
590. 
,      
 , .  452. 
     
    -
, ,     
   -
      -
.  722. 
     -
 -.  655. 
      -
,     
    , -
 .   
      
.  144, 433. 
     
   .  93. 
     -
,  , 
    .  397. 
     -
  .  96. 

 
     
,   -
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468, 663. 
      
    .  249. 
     
 , 
 .  297, 696. 
     
,   , -
 .  285. 
     -
 -,  
  .  377, 590. 

 
   
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    15 -
 1861 .).  255, 256. 
Fourth Report. 1861. With appendix. Ordered, 
by the House of Commons, to be printed, 11 
April 1862 ( . 1861.  
.   -
    11  
1862).  475. 
Sixth Report. With appendix. 1863. London, 
1864 ( .  . 
1863. . 1864).  186, 279, 409 
411, 475476, 558, 669671, 693, 709. 
Seventh Report. With appendix. 1864. London, 
1865 ( .  -
. 1864. , 1865).  105, 590, 672, 
678 681, 691, 693698, 704705, 732. 
Eighth Report. With appendix. 1865. London, 
1866 ( .  . 
1865. , 1866).  474, 672677. 

    
Report addressed to Her Majesty's Principal 
Secretary of State for the Home Department, 
relative to the grievances complained 
of by the journeymen bakers; with appendix 
of evidence. London, 1862 ( -
      -
  -,  
 . , 1862). 
 185, 260262, 560.
Second report addressed to Her Majesty's 
Principal Secretary of State for the Home 
Department, relative to the grievances complained 
of by the journeyman bakers. London, 
1863 (   -
      -
 -. , 
1863).  260. 
Report from the committee on the Bill to 
regulate tlie labour of children in the mills 
and factories of the United Kingdom: with 
the minutes of evidence. Ordered, by the 
House of Commons, to be printed, 8 August 
1832 (     -
      -
  .  
 .  
     8 -
 1832 .).  289. 
Report from the secret committee of the 
House of Lords appointed to inquire into the 
causes of the distress which has for some 
time prevailed among the commercial 
classes, and how far it has been affected by 
the Laws for regulating the issue of bank 
notes payable on demand. Together with the 
minutes of evidence, and an appendix. Ordered, 
by the House of Commons, to be 
printed, 28 July 1848. Reprinted 1857 (-
     
   , -
  ,  , 
       
  .  -
   -
.   -
    28  1848 . 
  1857 ). 137138. 
First report from the select committee on 
adulteration of food, &c.; with the minutes 
of evidence, and appendix. Ordered, by the 
House of Commons, to be printed, 27 July 
1855 (     
    
.;     -
.   -
    27  1855 .). 
 185, 615.
Report from the select committee on bank 
acts; together with the proceedings of the 
committee, minutes of evidence, appendix 
and index. Ordered, by the House of Commons, 
to be printed, 30 July 1857 ( 
    -
;  , -
 ,   . 
    
  30  1857 .).  145. 
Report from the select committee on the bank 
acts; together with the proceedings of the 
committee, minutes of evidence, appendix 
and index. Ordered, by the House of Commons, 
to be printed, 1 July 1858 ( 
    -
;  , -
 ,   . 
    
  1  1858 .).  151. 
Report from the select committee on mines; 
together with the proceedings of the committee, 
minutes of evidence, and appendix. 
Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be 
printed, 23 July 1866 (  -
    ;  -
,    -
.    
   23  1866 .).  
506511. 

    
Report from the select committee on petitions 
relating to the corn laws of this Kingdom: 
together with the minutes of evidence, and 
an appendix of accounts. Ordered, by the 
House of Commons, to be printed, 26 July 
1814 (    -
,    -
;     -
.   -
    26  1814 .). 
 567.
Report of the commissioners appointed to inquire 
into the operation of the acts (16 & 17 
Vict. . 99. and 20 & 21 Vict. . 3) relating 
to transportation and penal servitude. Vol. I. 
Report and appendix. Vol. II. Minutes of 
evidence. London, 1863 ( , 
   -
 (  16  17  -
 , . 99,  20  21  
 , . 3)  ,  
      
.  I.   .  
II.  . , 1863). 
 692.
Tenth report of the commissioners appointed 
to inquire into tlie organization and rules of 
trades unions and other associations: together 
with minutes of evidence. London, 
1868 (    -
    -
   , -
  . , 
1868).  446. 
Fourth report of the commissioners of Her 
Majesty's inland revenue. London, 1860 
(     
     
. , 1860).  664. 
Tenth report of the commissioners of Her 
Majesty's inland revenue. London, 1866 
(     -
     
-
. , 1866).  663664, 712, 714. 
Report of the committee on the baking trade 
in Ireland for 1861 (   
    1861 .).  
263. 
Report of the officer of health of St. Martin's-
in-the-Fields. 1865 (  
  ---. 
1865).  673. 
Reports by Her Majesty's secretaries of embassy 
and legation, on the manufactures, 
commers, & c., of the countries in which 
they reside. No. 6. London, 1863 ( 
     -
  ,   
. .    .  6. -
, 1863).  356. 
Reports from poor law inspectors on the 
wages of agricultural labourers in Ireland. 
Dublin, 1870 (   -
      -
   . 
, 1870).  717. 
Reports of the inspectors of factories to Her 
Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for 
the Homo Department (  
     
).  239, 251, 407. 501. 
 for the half year ending the 31st December 
1841. [London] 1842 ( , -
 31  1841 . [] 
1842).  287. 
 for the quarter ending 30th September, 
1844; and from 1st October, 1844, to 30th 
April, 1845. London, 1845 ( , -
 30  1844 ,   -
  1  1844 .  30  
1845 . , 1845).  291, 292, 302. 
422, 423, 425. 
 for the half year ending 31st October,
1846. London, 1847 ( , -
 31  1846 . , 1847).  
302. 

    
 for the half year ending 30th April 1848. 
London, 1848 ( ,  30 
 1848 . , 1848).  295, 
297, 557. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1848. 
London, 1849 ( ,  31 
 1848 . , 1849).  239 
240, 291, 293300, 307, 310, 535, 559. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1849. 
London, 1849 ( ,  30 
 1849 . , 1849).  297 
300, 321. 
 for the half year ending 31st October, 
1849. London, 1850 ( , -
 31  1849 . , 1850).  
290, 299. 
 for the half year ending 30th April, 1850. 
London, 1850 ( ,  30 
 1850 . , 1850).  301, 
310311. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1850. 
London, 1851 ( ,  31 
 1850 . , 1851).  296. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1852. 
London, 1852 ( ,  30 
 1852 . , 1852).  302. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1853. 
London, 1853 ( ,  30 
 1853 . , 1853).  304. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1853. 
London, 1854 ( ,  31 
 1853 . , 1854).  186, 
278. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1855. 
London, 1855 ( ,  30 
 1855 . , 1855).  239. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1855. 
London, 1856 ( ,  31 
 1855 . , 1856).  278, 
286, 412, 437, 535. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1856. 
London, 1857 ( ,  31 
 1856 . , 1857).  
252254, 391, 412, 426, 442, 459461. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1857. 
London, 1857 ( ,  30 
 1857 . , 1857).  412. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1857. 
London, 1857 ( ,  31 
 1857 . , 1857).  304, 
411, 413. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1858. 
London, 1858 ( ,  30 
 1858 . , 1858).  252 
253, 565, 568. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1858. 
London, 1858 ( ,  31 
 1858 . , 1858).  405, 
408, 412, 426427, 442. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1859. 
London, 1859 ( ,  30 
 1859 . , 4859).  562. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1859. 
London, 1860 ( ,  31 
 1859 . , 1860).  291, 
311. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1860. 
London, 1860 ( ,  30 
 1860 . , 1860).  254, 
278, 288, 304, 388, 427, 558. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1860. 
London, 1860 ( ,  31 
 1860 . , 1860).  253, 
562. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1861. 
London, 1861 ( ,  30 
 1861 . , 1861).  253. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1861. 
London, 1862 ( ,  31 
 1861 . , 1862).  302, 
303, 309, 428. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1862. 
London, 1863 ( ,  31 
 1862 . , 1863).  253, 
304306, 309, 411, 417, 425, 427, 430, 
459, 466,490491. 

    
 for the half year ending 30th April 1863. 
London, 1863 ( ,  30 
 1863 . , 1863).  306, 
311, 436, 469470, 557, 558. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1863. 
London, 1864 ( ,  31 
 1863 . , 1864).  253, 
432, 437438, 444, 467, 468, 558, 650. 
 for the half year ending 30th April 1864. 
London, 1864 ( ,  30 
 1864 . , 1864).  469. 
 for the half year ending 31'st October1864. London, 1865 ( , -
 31  1864 . , 1865).  
307, 308, 311. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1865. 
London, 1866 ( ,  31 
 1865 . , 1866).  422, 
458459, 469, 471, 486 489, 493, 494, 
501. 
 for the half year ending 31st October 1866. 
London, 1867 ( ,  31 
 1866 . , 1867).  432 
433,437,573574,656,721. 
Reports respecting grain, and the corn laws: 
viz: First and second reports from the Lords 
Committees, appointed to enquire into the 
state of the growth, commerce, and consumption 
of grain, and all laws relating 
thereto. Ordered, by the House of Commons, 
to be printed, 23 November, 1814 
(     : -
      
,   -
  ,   -
 ,      
 .   -
    23  
1814 .).  567. 
The Revised statutes of the state of Rhode 
Island and Providence plantations. Providence, 
1857 (  
 -   . 
, 1857).  281. 
Royal commission on railways. Report of the 
commissioners. London, 1867 (-
  .  
 . , 1867).  443, 
572. 
Statistical abstract for the United Kingdom in 
each of the last fifteen years, from 1846 to 
1860. Number 8. London, 1861 (-
   -
      -
   1846  1860 .  
8. , 1866).  429. 
Statistical abstract for the United Kingdom in 
each of the last fifteen years, from 1851 to 
1865. Number 13. London, 1866 (-
   -
      
   1851  1865 . -
 13. , 1866).  429. 
 
 , -, 
1872,  III.  1921. 
- , 8 (20) 
 1872 .  19. 
The Bengal Hurkaru ( -
), , 22  1861.  340. 
Bury Guardian ( ), , 12 
 1860 .  278. 
Concordia. Zeitschrift fur die Arbeiterfrage 
(.  
  ), ,  10, 7 
 1872 .  36, 37. 
  27, 4  1872 .  37. 
  28, 11  1872 .  38. 
The Daily Telegraph ( -
), , 17  1860 .  255. 
Demokratisches Wochenblatt (-
 ), ,  
31, 1  1868 .  18. 

     
876 
  34, 22  1868 .  18. 
  35, 29  1868 .  18. 
  36, 5  1868 .  18. 
Deutsch-Franzosische Jahrbucher (-
- ), , 
1844.  85, 163, 175, 648. 
The Economist (), , 
. III, 29  1845 .  689. 
 . VI, 15  1848 .  240. 
 . IX, 19  1851 .  601. 
 . XVIII, 21  1860 .652. 
 . XXIV, 2  1866 .  743744. 
The Evening Standard ( -
), , 1  1886 .  33. 
The Glasgow Daily Mail ( 
 ), 25  1849 .  321. 
Journal des Economistes (-
 ), ,    
1872 .  19. 
The Journal of the Society of Arts (-
    ), -
, . VII, 9  1859 .  387. 
 . VIII,  1860 .  403. 
 . XIV,  1866 .  743. 
 . XX, 5  1872 .  428. 
Macmillan's Magazine ( -
),   , . VIII, 
 1863 .  266. 
The Morning Advertiser ( -
), , 17  1863 .  
38. 
The Morning Chronicle ( -
), .  688. 
The Morning Star ( ), 
.  550. 
 17  1863 . 38, 666. 
 23  1863 .  266. 
 7  1867 .  682683. 
Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Organ der Demokratie
 (  .  
), ʸ,  266, 7  
1849 .  591, 775. 
Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politischokonomische 
Revue (  -
. - -
),   , 4, 1850.  
301, 311. 
New-York Daily Tribune (- 
 ), 9  1853 . 
 741.
The Observer (), , 
24  1864 .  150. 
The Pall Mall Gazette ( -
), .  668. 
La Philosophie positive. Revue (-
 . ), -
,  3,    1868 .  
19. 
The Portfolio. Diplomatic review, (New series)
 (.  
. ( )), .  
742. 
Revolutions de Paris ( -
),  101, 1791.  752. 
Reynolds's Newspaper ( -
), , 21  1866 .  264. 
 4  1866 .  264. 
 20  1867 .  682. 
The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, 
Science, and Art (  
  , , -
  ), , 18  
1868 .  1819. 
The Social Science Review ( 
 ), , . II, 18 
 1863 .  265267. 
The Spectator (), , 26 
 1866 .  343. 
The Standard (), , 15 -
 1863 .  266. 
 26  1861 .  569. 
 5  1867 .  683684. 
The Times (), .  668, 742. 
 14  1843 .  666. 
 5  1861 .  279. 
 26 1862 .  218, 415. 
 24  1863 .  305, 587 589. 
 17  1863 .  37, 38. 
 2  1863 .  266. 
 25  1864 .  483. 
  1866 .  614, 722. 
  1867 .  614, 722. 
 26  1867 .  511. 
 3  1873 .  614. 
 29  1883 .  38. 
To-Day (), ,  2, -
, 1884.  39. 
  3,  1884.  39, 40. 

    
Der Volksstaat ( -The Workman's Advocate ( -
), , 1  1872 .  37. ), , 13  1866 .  
 7  1872 .  38. 263. 
The Westminster Review (-
 ), . 72. 
   
 .  
 . 419. 
. .  602. 
. .  45. 
-.   .  741. 
.  VIII.  667. 
. .  311, 769. 
. .  206, 782. 
. .  311. 
ø. .  39, 78, 96, 205, 206, 300, 
607, 722. 
. .  72. 
. .  265, 378. 
.  ,  691. 
. .  .  6, 118, 
277, 355, 376, 482. 
.  7.  724. 
.  .  11, 113, 
258. 
.  .  8688, 298. 
.  1767 .  145. 
.   .  
452. 
.   .  253. 
.    705. 
.     -
.  722. 
.  .  449. 
. .  733. 
.   -
 .  92, 95, 655. 
. .  143. 
.  .  296, 
297, 498, 696. 
. .  283. 
.   .  
143. 
.   IV.  . 
 39, 56. 
.    .  93. 
.    . 118. 
.   .  588. 
.   .  417. 
. .  607. 
.  .  522. 
.  IV.  259. 
* * * 
.  96, 281, 385, 594, 608, 759.  .    
   .  113114. 

 
  
 * 
.  .   
  . . .   . 
. . ., 1935.  738 (20). 
. ,   -
 . . . ., 1911.  95 
(23), 163 (22 26), 175 (28). 
. .    
. . ., 1908. 69 (93). 
, .    
  ( : -
    -
   .  . 
. .  I. ,  ., 1928) (-
  ).  149 (118), 499 
500 (124, 125), 628 (117). 
 (  : ). 
  : . . -
      
.   , 
, , , -, 
, , -
, ,   .  
. . .  I, ., 1866.  570 
(477). 
, .    -
   ( : . -
.  .   -
   . -
 . . . ., 1954 (-
  ).  731 (100). 
.     -
.   
,     -
,   . ., 1810. 
 52 (1112), 100 (7), 144 (45).
.  .  . . 
. ., 1939 (. . 
 V, VI).  318. 
.  .  . 
. .., 1934 (. -
.  VII).  53 (218), 101 (87), 179 
(91), 376 (216), 602 (226). 
.   . 
 I. .  
* 
           -
  .   ,        , -
 .       ,   .   -
   ,        ,     
     . 

    
. . .., 1930 (. -
.  I).  190 (318319), 272 
(212). 
, . .   -
.     -
 . . ,   . 
. . ., 1867.  494 (134). 
, . ,  ,   
    -
. , 1936.  181 (90), 
369 (115). 
, .    -
  ( : . . -
. ., 1938).  367 (27, 28), 587 (12, 
14). 
, .   -
 ( : . . . 
., 1938).  351 (74), 365 (118), 547 
(162). 
.   .  
    -
 . . .  . -
  . . , 
1864.  536. 
, .    
 . .., 1939 (. 
. ,  3).  353354 
(379). 
, .     -
: , , -
. , ,   -
 . .   . . -
.   , 1953.  402 
(54). 
, .    -
 ,   -
    27  
1833 . ( : . . -
 . , 1937).  646. 
, .    -
     ( : . 
.  . -
, 1937).  340 (131). 
, .   -
 ( : . .  
. , 1937).  318 (316), 
(316), 345 (348349), 581 (313), 601 
(295), 611612 (295, 299, 313, 314). 
 .  -
.    -
 .  . ., 
1774.  154 (269 272), 247 (270271), 
352 (120 121), 521 (129130). 
, .   -
 ( : . .  -
.  . . . ., 1896). 
 604.
, .  .   ( 
: . .  . -
 . . . ., 1896).  119 
(198). 
, .   .  
 ( : . .  
.  . . . ., 
1896).  331 (230). 
, .     -
    . 
 I. ., 1865.  334. 
.      -
  ( :  -
 . . . 
. ., 1956).  142 (470). 
.    . 
   . . 
 I. ., 1817.  169170 (48, 49, 
52, 114, 115). 
. .  . . -
. , 1878 (. -
, . III). 379 (259260). 
-.   -
    -
 ,   
.   -
,    . -
. ., 1860.  244 (61), 611 (18). 
, .     
  .   
 . . . .., 
1937.  522 (204). 
, .  - -
,  , 

    
    ( : . . 
.  III. ., 1925).  5. 
, .     -
  .   -
  . . . -
. .  ., 1936 (  -
).  251 (8990), 515 (100), 585 
(211). 
, .     -
   .  
. . ., 1870.  251 (83), 
515 (100), 585 (132). 
.     -
.     -
 . .  VI. M., 1899. 
289(182). 
.   .   -
,    -
 . . . ., 1958. 
 227 (129).
.     
   II.  I. .  ., 
1866 (.   -
. ,  .  
VI).  283 (350351), 728 (278, 346). 
, . .     
 ,      -
.  . -
 (    
 ,  2  3, 
, 1908).  323 (30), 538 (30), 567 
568 (30). 
, . .    -
.  . . .  I  II. 
., 1868.  365, 630. 
, . .    -
.  . . . ., 1895 
(  ).  365, 630. 
, . .    -
, ,   -
    . 
   . . , 
1880.  81 (135). 
, T. (  : , .) -
      
 
     
  ( : -
.     -
  . . . . 
., 1935) (  ).  
522 (183). 
, , .   
 ( : . . . 
    -
 .  IX.   . . 
. ., 1949) (  -
).  515 (240). 
, . .   
     -
   .  
    . [ 
. . .] ., 1874.  
1515 (226), 525 527 (477, 478), 624 
(259);  II 382 (285). 
, . .   -
  .  
     -
  .  
    . . -
. ., 1914.  604. 
, .  . . I III. ., 
19361941.  178.  I  182 (787). 
.    ( : . 
.  . 
., 1955).  101 (482), 134135 (486), 
765 (667). 
, . .     
 . .   . . -
.   . 
., 1953.  731, 746. 
, .    ( : 
.     -
  . . . .. 
1935).  132 (307310), 135 (312), 145 
(316). 
, .    -
  ( : . . -
 .  I.   
   . . -
.   . . -
. .., 1950).  414 (81). 

    
.    
1672 . ( : . . -
   .  
  . . ., 1940).  323 
(122). 
.    1682 . ( : 
. .   -
 .    . 
. ., 1940).  111 (212), 156 (216). 
.      1662 . 
( : . .   
 .   -
 . . ., 1940).  52 (55), 
101102 (40), 133 (28), 630631 (64). 
. Verbum sapienti ( ) 
1664 . ( : . . -
   .  
  . . ., 1940).  153 
(8485), 156 (85), 282 (83). . -
  .  . 
.  ,  
 . ., 1863 (. -
,  III).  378 (117). 
, .     -
   ( : 
. .   -
 . . .  II. ., 1955).  
154 (53, 55). 
, .   -
   . ., 1955 
(. .   -
 . . .  I).  90 (234), 
177 (193), 199 (42), 240241 (285), 399 
(236), 404 (57), 405 (325), 440 (325), 442 
(320), 586 (130), 603 (129130), 620 
(226), 645646 (320). 
, .   -
 ( : . . -
   . . .  III. 
., 1955).  86 (53). 
.     
.  : -
   
      
  ( : . . 
 .  . 
. ., 1936) (  -
).  541. 
.     
-.   
     -
    ( : . 
 . .  I: 
   . -
   . . . . 
[1904]).  541. 
, .   . 
 I:   . -
 . .  I.  -
. ., 1860.  102 (257261), 217 
(103), 229 (103, 97), 335 (111). 
. ,    -
 .  . . 
., 1787.  756 (119). 
.    
,      -
  .  I  II. ., 
1937.  1166 (185). 184 (197), 579 
(181, 182), 590 (186), 594 (200), 595 (196), 
599 (175), 600 (206), 662 (179, 183184); 
 11772 (208). 
, .     -
  . .  ., 1935. 
 I  55 (32 33), 367 (9, 14), 581 
(278), 608 (284285), 633 (84), 635 (79), 
658 (72), 668 (9), 748 (127);  II  134 
(18, 19), 374375 (303). 
, .   . 
 . . . ., 1868.  
631. 
, .    
  . . .   , -
      -
 ( : . .  
.  II. ., 1957).  610 
(568). 
, .  ( : . . 
 .  I. ., 
1957). 317. 

    
, . . (  : , . 
.)   . -
 . . . ., 1896 (-
  ).  164, 174, 217, 
608. 
, .  .  . -
. ., 1872.  452 (225). 
.     -
 .    
. . . . , 
1905.  323 (4), 543 (5). 
, .    
.     
.  III. ., 1818.  366 
(16), 374 (9, 7), 375 (9). 
. . . I.  . -
  ,    
  . . ., 
1915.  378379 (90, 92). 
, .    -
 ,    -
   
,     -
 ( : . .  -
.  III  IV. ., 1954).  708. 
, .    
 . ., 1937.  319. 
mopx, .   , 
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 .   
     -
 II. . .  I. ., 
1881.  185 (193), 193 (129), 363 (79), 
372 (135), 373 (78). 
, . .  . . -
. ., 1896 ( ).  130. 

 
 
   
   325; 
    274275, 320, 
518519; 
     
   519. -
  46, 47, 52 55, 56, 60 
68, 7377, 83, 90, 99, 119, 210212. 
 
      
  6; 
    168169, 176 
177, 188, 516, 577, 594. 
  462, 783. 
  286. 
 152, 173, 345, 371. 
   319, 345, 641 
642, 765. 
     
9. 
  -
  187, 368369, 489, 512, 539. 
   XVII . 
 732, 734, 758. 
 
    6, 9, 1418, 
3334, 251252, 287, 292293, 308, 
384385, 388, 391, 663; 
    
 440, 728754, 760770;
      107, 
109, 154, 765; 
 251, 287, 308, 388, 
443445, 464409, 476480; 
   673677; 
     -
  440, 686, 690 691, 695697, 
728729, 734, 753754, 758; 
    462466, 469, 
762; 
   769; 
    625; 
    523, 
760764, 767; 
   453454, 456 457, 645, 
663; 
    185186, 
251273, 287306, 406413, 420, 
422428, 441 442, 46t469, 476484, 
587 590, 613616, 668, 671724. 749; 
    186, 287, 290, 
292293, 294, 301, 308 309, 438439; 
   250, 251, 280 
282,287308, 435, 500506, 511512, 
687, 733, 734, 744 752. 

 
   69, 89, 9192, 101, 109, 
142143, 147, 163, 178, 182, 208, 297, 
346, 361, 378379, 521, 738. 
   687, 760. 
  373. 
  753755. 
  17, 609, 687, 688, 722. 
735, 783. 
 ()  92, 142143, 378 
379. 
  760. 
 
    9, 87, 9192, 94, 
494495, 497498, 605, 629. 
  137, 148, 149, 153154, 155, 156, 
765. 
  137, 150, 151, 154. 
  87, 247250, 550, 580581. 
  .  -
. 
  33, 286, 308, 614, 684685. 
 106107, 153154. 
  149, 203, 754, 764765. 
  
   5152, 515, 583, 617; 
   144145, 179, 191 
196, 220, 618, 726; 
     141 
142, 144, 154155; 
    163164; 
      583; 
     578; 
   764. 
 
   156.
   717, 755759.
  152, 578, 611, 619
620; 
     -
  578579, 647648; 
    152, 
576, 583585, 590 591, 594, 628, 634 
635, 726; 
    181184, 219220, 
228, 326, 363, 583 587, 590591, 594, 
627629, 632; 
      
  617, 619. . : -
 ,  
. 
   -
  629, 632635, 643644, 
654655, 659, 660, 668, 671672, 675, 
705. 
. :  . -
 ,  -
, . 
,   7780, 96, 98 
100. 102, 116. . : . -
   192193, 214, 
220, 578, 618, 636. 
   -
  70, 161, 164 165, 168169, 
172, 195, 197, 202 204, 314, 448457, 
574575, 601602, 622625, 633634, 
776777; 
    17 18, 64, 
91, 124, 169, 187, 317, 547, 549, 651655, 
725726; 
     
169174, 202204, 217, 219, 229, 235 
240, 531, 605 612, 620621, 622. 
. : . 
 
 9, 10, 1314, 18, 28, 33, 248 
249, 283, 319, 385, 386, 393, 402, 404, 438, 
440, 474, 729, 743, 749750. 
  280, 283, 386, 393, 404, 474, 
522, 747, 760763, 765766. 
  365, 514, 657, 672677, 728. 
   764767 
 (  -
) 

 
    280281, 295, 319, 
375, 629, 662, 748 752, 761; 
   -
   249251, 280 
282, 287306, 309, 501506, 510513, 
574 575. 
. :  . 
     9, 297, 301, 
309310, 432, 443, 444, 587, 783. 
 ()  69, 91, 142 143. 
 
  279, 353354, 383.
   149.
    -
  633634. 
 
    56, 67, 70, 79, 100. 
102, 119, 140, 144, 149, 157, 164; 
    9899, 102, 109110, 
135137, 141, 142, 143, 151152; 
     104 113, 119, 
128; 
     107108, 110; 
     125140; 
     
141145; 
     146 153; 
    153156; 
    137140; 
   137, 151; 
    125 140, 145, 
148, 150, 152153; 
      157 
187, 204206, 317319, 576, 582583, 
598599, 726; 
 ,   -
    545550, 
579580; 
     102103. 
. :  , , 
. 
  279, 365, 513514, 657, 695 
696, 704705, 757758. 
  49, 87. 
  
    380, 406, 
472473, 477480, 649 650, 705; 
     
408414, 480; 
      -
  538, 649650; 
    253259, 268 269, 272 
274, 283, 289, 299, 407409, 473480, 
500508; 
     
289291, 296297, 301309, 407408, 
412, 486.  596597. 
   2122; 
-  2022; 
   6, 18, 22, 110111, 
113114, 123124, 149, 187, 342344, 
369, 418, 442, 451457, 473489, 499, 
511512, 516, 539, 610, 660, 672, 772 
773; 
     
 5758, 71, 77 78, 97, 114115,123124, 131, 149, 159, 365, 514, 516; 
     317 
319,333, 335337; 
    773; 
     
124; 
    6, 73, 
85, 176177, 368; 
     647 648; 
     4445, 8586, 
9091, 104, 111113, 596597; 
     4445, 5657, 
62, 66, 68, 70, 316317, 326327, 547, 
549, 550, 552, 560, 581. 
. :   -
 . 
   18, 499, 
772773. 
    
328, 329, 417. 
 
  729.
  345, 474, 521, 522.

 
 
  
    406, 481, 483,
538, 649650, 705;
     -
  380, 405407; 
    
  409, 410411, 413414; 
      -
  538; 
    472; 
    477 
480; 
    409411, 473 477, 481 
482; 
    
291, 297, 301, 303, 304.
 
  766.
  645646.
  85, 112, 176, 316, 329,
368, 546, 571, 597, 598.
     
515. 
   
( ) 6, 326, 329, 596
599, 601, 606, 632, 653, 658, 659, 747.
   ( )  441, 465,
662, 687, 695696, 733.
     
 736. 
    744 
747.
    465, 749, 751.
   181186, 196, 545
552, 632;
   549552, 570, 613;
       
182, 570575; 
     613; 
   183184, 633 634; 
     627, 633;
    651; 
  550, 558 560; 
     559; 
     
748752. 
. :   -
.   , 
  ,  
 . 
   32, 92, 152, 248, 275,
532533, 544, 576577, 612, 753.
. : , .
   10, 17, 92,
157, 378379, 576577, 609, 687, 688,
722724, 729, 732, 752753, 755.
  440, 513515, 617, 019, 657,
690, 705, 719720, 757 759.
. :  .

     
 189, 623;
    190, 191;
     52, 515,
617. 
 ( ) 
     7980, 99,
109110, 119, 126129, 141142;
      
  99; 
    
    100; 
   100101, 127129; 
    
     106107; 
     -
  106, 154;
     
      -
  108, 127;
      -
  142, 143.
 
   340, 355, 356,
404, 423, 548.
   207, 327
329, 417.
  5051, 94, 141142, 145,
339340, 346, 369, 393, 403, 442,

 
462, 522, 523, 612, 760, 762763. 
   353, 420428, 
533539, 656. 
 (I)  .  
 . 
  522. 
  263, 278, 430, 709724, 739, 
767. 
  33, 523, 760, 761, 769. 
  33, 474, 523, 728. 
 
 
   163164, 166, 174, 244, 
274276, 279, 319, 320. 583, 680, 770, 
775; 
    157, 174177, 179181, 
196, 342, 521, 759 760, 765766, 770 
772; 
      -
  157177; 
       
646647, 653; 
      342 
345, 451, 473, 512, 576, 656; 
     613 617; 
     
 621622.
 .  
     56, 10 12, 19 
22, 25, 43, 53, 8586, 92, 157, 175, 180; 
     33; 
     18; 
   19, 25, 26, 27, 
3031, 35; 
  3, 5, 1213, 
1819, 2628, 31, 3536. 
   
    14, 18,43,69 
70,91,102103,112, 143, 153, 156, 174 
175, 179 181, 186187, 208209, 228, 
275, 310311, 330332, 343345, 
433434, 498, 500501, 516517, 539, 
542, 550, 552, 600, 632, 634, 635, 638, 643, 
649, 659, 672, 772773, 777; 
     162165, 
197, 202207, 228, 240, 244, 306307, 
318, 342, 516517, 605606, 608, 632. 
635; 
      
157, 180181, 333, 346, 365, 582583, 
638, 726, 727, 771772, 783; 
      6, 
18, 22, 123124, 187, 301, 342344, 369, 
418, 442, 451452, 455457, 473, 489, 
499, 511512, 514, 516. 539. 660, 672, 
772773; 
    727; 
     
346347, 514; 
     
 11, 14, 32, 498. 499, 596597, 605,
772773. 
  351352, 522. 
  81, 137, 141142, 393, 760, 762. 
  740741, 744. 
   
 
    14, 90, 91, 448, 
542, 547549, 552, 575, 625, 630631; 
     
     
32, 55 56, 90, 91, 154155, 159, 177, 
181, 216, 316317, 361. 367, 374375, 
399, 517, 524525. 529533, 547549, 
551, 602 604, 608609, 613, 620, 623. 
628, 635, 645. 
    17, 18, 292, 
568569; 
      186, 246, 
263, 280, 292, 301. 304305, 308, 311. 
420; 
      
290, 292, 301, 407; 
   290, 292, 294; 
      
438439; 
     
     
 668, 772;
     
  -

 
   308; 
    
 263264, 514.
    134.
   462, 523, 761
764, 767.
  774784.
  8889, 605;
    88 89, 773;
   8889; 
-      89,
651;
    539; 
 -   404,
605;
    
495, 499501, 605, 635.  
 46, 5152, 55, 56, 6768, 74, 206
207, 210212, 219.
  280, 326327, 329, 358,
369, 404, 463, 464, 559560, 606, 619.
640.
 
   337, 399, 771;
     341, 346, 372;
      -
    337 
342; 
 ,     
341342; 
     341342, 
373; 
     346; 
   347, 373, 374, 397;
   346347, 348,
516517, 637;
   -
    
    342, 435;
      -
  440.
   319, 345, 488,
512, 639642, 763.
. :  .
   340, 572,
637638, 672. 
 
     
146, 148, 151153, 607, 640;
   137, 151, 765;
   764766; 
   765766; 
     147; 
     147, 148;
    -
   764 765; 
    -
  184186, 640641, 646, 647;
    
184-186, 527. 
    87
88, 550, 580581, 726, 727, 729;
     
 550, 580581;
    728730, 734; 
    728; 
    734; 
     248. 
     248 
249.
  49, 87, 283, 346;
     -
   
728744, 766, 770;
    49; 
    248249, 
580581; 
     -
      -
  757 758; 
     
  729; 
     XV
  753;
     
   734; 
     XVI  
 734.
   . -
 . 
   391 392,
395, 397, 401,455, 400462, 470, 472,
500501;

 
    1417, 192, 193, 382, 406,
767;
    382, 406, 497 500;
     497; 
     495; 
      514 
515, 758759; 
     758759.
   157, 166, 174175,
371, 759760. 
. :  . 
 
  729, 755.
     17.
  438439.
 
  173, 365, 515, 538, 630,
648, 661662, 715, 721.
 
    32, 333, 348, 358, 361
363, 380381, 439, 757758;
     372, 382;
     348351,
376, 380, 756757, 760;
     
372381; 
     354363; 
     348, 350351,
356, 358, 360, 363 372, 374378, 389
390, 392;
     354, 360361, 
388389, 393395; 
     353; 
 ,   
349363, 367369, 372377, 381, 393,
431;
      393,
767.
   
 911, 91, 191, 307, 383, 498, 499, 605,
623, 629.
 
    354, 383385,
397, 473;
     360361, 384
389, 394, 396397;
   -
    382,
395396, 398, 417418, 423, 438, 461;
     
    215
216, 399;
    404; 
   -
  404428, 430437, 440-443,
445447, 451452, 455, 464, 473, 654,
660;
    
 402;
   -
   414; 
      
214216, 415, 588589, 618619, 
621622; 
      
455456; 
     
      
389393; 
     392,
442443, 446;
      
438439, 442; 
    -
  404. 
    
36, 310.
  178179, 208, 763.
   78, 94, 97,
601. 
   4447, 50, 5657,
70, 9193, 97, 98, 113, 114, 115, 168, 171,
180.
  7071, 91, 92, 154, 166,
524.
   -
 
    20 22, 25;
    
 56, 12, 43, 50, 53, 5657, 8586,
92, 157. 175,  180.
. : , .
   135, 153155, 157, 247,
366, 395, 464, 466, 571, 614, 663, 668, 728,
759, 772.
  135140, 151.

 
   92.
     415,
588589, 618619.
 
  
    -
   181, 601;
      
     -
   565. 
  
    592, 594595,
599601, 605608, 627, 629, 631, 632,
634, 638 639, 660661, 672;
  ,  
  576577, 593594, 596,
611613, 616, 618622, 635, 641;
     639, 643
644, 646, 649, 660;
    617; 
     616,
627629, 631633, 644 646, 650
651, 660, 672;
      
599600; 
     770 
773. 
. :  . 
  574; 
    151152; 
    -
   761, 766, 767;
     531; 
     151 152; 
    152; 
    152; 
    733; 
    783.
  420, 726, 760761, 767.
. : .
   8788, 141,
757.
  25, 3132, 191, 398, 623;
      
397398, 434, 472,
497, 514, 618619, 637638, 660;
    
 374, 398, 623, 772.
. : .
     
591. 
   
68, 88 89, 104.
  
   228, 241, 274;
     243, 322 323; 
       
248250, 325; 
       
541542; 
     539. 
    553
555, 571.
   
   227, 229, 542;
     540 544; 
     230 
 231, 240;
     229, 613, 618;
      
312317. 
 
 
    
    49, 83;
    
 9798,122124;
    97, 99, 364;
     114115.
   625.
   ( -
)  631632, 634 635, 667;
   441442, 493, 498.
514515, 613616, 628, 629, 631, 654
655, 659660, 671672, 772;
   627629, 659 660,
671672.
. :   -
 -

 
,   
. 
   141, 142, 146147,
156164, 171174, 176, 180, 206, 596
597;
     115 116,
118122;
    167 168; 
     
  122 124; 
      123 
124; 
    157, 365;
    125127,
131, 145, 146, 150.
  49, 729.
   
 47, 81, 221, 335, 563;
     4748, 
54, 8182, 198, 200 201, 207208, 
221, 327328; 
    358. 
-  
     10; 
     -
  372; 
    -
     611; 
     -
  
  229, 247;
    -
     180 
181; 
      
   191; 
     -
   191.
  88, 97;
   5051, 88, 97, 346, 369
371;
     248249; 
      97,
364.
    736 
739. 
   760. 
    315
316, 453, 460, 626627, 636, 637, 643
645, 647, 748.
   365, 376, 384;
    190 191,
207208;
     
 353;
      
398406.
   625.
-   145, 465, 762.
  
   322323, 325; 
     322323,
324, 327, 332, 420 421, 518, 519;
     
 518519;
     -
    518; 
      
324325,329330, 420 421; 
     
     322 
325, 328329, 331332. 518; 
      
377. 
   
   5862; 
     
62; 
    -
     
  6264; 
     5758, 62,
65, 7679, 98. 
   556; 
     278 279, 441,
462, 538, 644646, 648, 650651, 778;
   655659; 
  462, 499, 646650, 653655; 
      647
648, 651, 655.

 

  441442, 555, 657 659,
668, 704705, 733. 
   378. 
  178179. 
    
88, 188191, 364, 520521, 628. 
   
    581, 638,
725728, 769773, 784;
     -
  726728, 732,
748, 760, 764, 765, 767;
     
  440, 728744, 777; 
    -
  735739; 
      
743744, 760761, 769770, 783. 
  
   219223, 225 226,
234, 312, 315, 418, 448, 579581, 603,
627, 644;
  ,   -
  625; 
     
  227 229, 234, 372, 542,
603, 624, 627, 637, 644;
    -
  226227; 
    -
    -
  312317; 
       312
318, 643, 748;
-   
    -
    
748, 755;
     637, 649 
650. 
  
    
520521, 537, 635;
      251,
275, 514515.
    553 
560; 
    553 554,
561563, 565, 719;
 ,     
554555, 558559, 570571; 
     555 556; 
      556. 
   499. 
  
    377, 630;
    6, 10; 
    -
  56, 12, 20 22, 25, 43, 50, 53,
5657, 8586, 92, 157, 175, 180;
    -
   14, 1718, 
623625, 630631, 647, 774775. 
  193. 
 761. 
  
   220, 221222, 223 
224, 226227, 315; 
  ,   -
  625; 
     
  237, 326, 372, 398, 416,
418, 603, 624, 637;
    -
   226; 
    -
      
198200, 214219, 223225, 398399, 
401; 
      -
  267; 
    -
      
   649; 
     617621. 
   44, 46
47, 5051, 5456, 95 98, 164, 167
168, 170171, 192194, 199, 203204,
206 207, 218219, 593;
    100; 

 
    177179, 184189, 
196197, 204205, 207, 334335; 
    44, 5455, 206207, 
213215, 217218, 221. 
 
   194, 195, 584586, 
624; 
   207208, 218 
219, 334336, 584586, 603; 
   194195, 584; 
     195 
197, 584586, 602603. 
    561 
569; 
    562 563. 
566, 570; 
     563; 
    566567; 
      
    563568; 
     -
    566; 
      
561563, 565; 
     568 
570; 
      
565566. 
 
   101, 297, 738; 
     101, 754 755; 
   9495, 178, 187, 245 
246, 298299, 301, 305, 307, 309, 311, 
408409, 435 437, 596600, 615. 
   189194, 201, 210, 214, 
216, 325326, 516517, 017. 
   164 166, 
579; 
   161, 219220, 223, 224, 
228229; 
    176, 219, 225 
226, 417418, 593, 609; 
     
 169174,202204, 217, 219, 229,235240, 531, 605612, 620622; 
    -
   -
  228229; 
     
   162164, 165, 197, 
202207, 228, 240, 244, 2-17248, 306 
307, 342, 417, 516517, 605 606, 632; 
      
   528539; 
     227, 
229230, 240, 243, 312316, 418, 519, 
533, 540 544, 613. 618. 622; 
    312316, 418, 618, 622; 
     32, 92, 163, 
229, 246250, 517, 532533, 544, 576 
577, 602 604, 610, 612, 715, 770; 
    592595, 599 
604, 660. 
. :   
,   
,  -
 . 
   32, 240 241, 
593595, 612, 631, 646, 714 715. 
  
   228229, 240 241, 
541544, 634; 
    -
-   229, 
246250; 
-,    -
    258, 322 
325, 328330, 363, 518523, 618; 
-     322 
325; 
      
248, 518; 
     560; 
     -
  633. 
  32. 163, 226, 533, 544, 576 
577, 653, 770. 
 (    
    -
)  188 

 
191, 195, 387389, 398, 515516, 617, 
619. 
  
    55, 324 325, 
344345, 521, 571, 618 619, 635637, 
659660; 
 ,     
48, 49, 337338, 340 341, 344347, 
353, 520521, 537, 539, 571, 637638; 
      -
  4749, 54  55, 212213, 330 
331, 619 620; 
      
     
  324325, 530; 
      
618619, 635, 638. 
  
      192, 
211, 217, 516517; 
      517; 
     192, 
516517, 602603. 
  
   188196,372 373, 515, 
584; 
     
     
191; 
  498, 515, 539, 660 
661. 
. :  . -
. 
   122 
123, 629; 
     8990, 178; 
    346, 770771; 
   8788, 152, 346, 729, 
770771; 
   86, 9192, 102103, 
178, 287, 310311, 342347, 435, 498, 
547, 560, 631634, 660661, 726727, 
769773, 775; 
   8890, 773; 
    583584, 
627628, 634635. 
 ( )  
188195, 333, 368 369, 516517, 546, 
578580, 771. 
. : . 
 
      
  18, 772773; 
    -
   464 465, 514, 628629, 
631, 637, 704705, 772773; 
    
  628; 
 -  658. 
. :   . -
  ,  . 
 . 
  XVIII   
307, 383389, 393397, 438, 485486. 
  
    164, 174175, 
770773; 
    727728, 759 770; 
     
  166, 176177, 197 
209, 318320, 341, 760, 764767, 781 
782; 
      
319, 639643, 763 767, 771773, 783. 
  
  1825 .    
  -
  1417, 33; 
    22, 3334, 
464465, 489490, 631635, 647648, 
651, 681 682; 
      -
  464469, 633 634, 647, 668, 
681684; 
    -
  464 467, 469, 681. 
 XVIII   101, 623. 
  
 578579, 581584, 593 
594, 599, 601; 
    -
  599; 
    583 
584; 
    581; 

 
     581582. 
   53, 209. 
 33,574575, 759, 761, 
766, 767, 775. 
   263264, 
309311, 655, 749752. 
  544, 576577, 601, 610. 
 
   
    -
  307308, 355356, 476482, 
484485, 490, 500501, 512, 518, 717; 
      355 
356; 
     564, 683, 717; 
    472473, 485, 501; 
    
 511512.
  ( )  285286, 
668. 
  276277, 761, 769. 
  
   177178, 184 186, 
213214, 227, 528, 584 586, 603, 617, 
623; 
       178, 
179, 184186, 344345, 596, 632633; 
    181184, 186, 219 
220, 225228, 242, 276, 312, 323, 325 
326, 363, 406 407, 528, 532, 536, 570, 
613, 632, 684685, 750751; 
     186, 196 
197, 344345, 528; 
    -
   177178, 196 
197, 204, 243 245, 372373, 528, 551, 
588 589, 598; 
     183184, 
363, 481, 613; 
    182 184, 219 
220, 228, 433, 583 587, 590591, 594, 
628, 632. 
   .   
. 
   104. 
   280282, 566, 748 
751. 
  
     242 243, 538 
539, 541, 543, 550; 
     243, 557; 
     -
    528 
539, 559; 
      -
   331332, 492 
493; 
     420424, 
533539, 564565; 
    
  250251, 280 281, 287292, 
295296, 301 302, 310311, 420, 558; 
    -
     -
  275, 279280, 287, 289, 
290, 293, 297, 299, 301, 307, 417 419; 
      
  186, 239, 246, 263, 280, 288, 292, 
308311, 420; 
     558, 559, 560; 
      539. 
  
      
185186, 309310, 435, 442443, 464, 
466, 517 518, 584587, 590591, 
619 620, 631, 634, 676, 680, 747 748; 
      
  556, 559, 650, 655; 
      -
    584, 
635, 776; 
    181 184, 
219220, 228, 583587, 590591, 594; 
    
 584586;
    
 584.
. : , -
 . 

 
   580581, 623625, 627. 
 
    99, 208, 229, 247, 
276, 346, 520, 550, 552, 631, 719; 
     297, 586; 
     761; 
    178179, 247, 276277, 
297. 309, 769. 
   169, 178, 187, 
301, 310311, 596 597. 
   116118, 180, 365, 
366, 369, 371, 375380, 431433, 494 
495, 637, 656; 
   88, 364; 
  (  )  348, 
350351, 356, 358, 360, 363372, 374, 
375 378; 
   462; 
   5051, 83, 85, 116, 
118, 363364, 366369, 377379, 455, 
522; 
   366. 
 
 ,   -
  89; 
     
    
88; 
     89 
90; 
    531, 544, 
576577. 
  
   594, 599, 606, 611, 627 
628, 632; 
     -
  599; 
   -
   611; 
   627 
628, 634635; 
    618 619; 
      634 
635; 
     041. 
    537, 571. 
     
310311, 319320, 342, 518519, 635, 
747, 778779. 
 1848 1849   14, 17, 
294295, 309. 
    . -
 . 
  82, 8991, 274275, 383, 
630631, 635, 754. 
   307 308, 
333, 346, 349363, 369371, 376377, 
380381, 393395, 433, 461, 476482, 
484485, 501, 511512. 
  732734. 
 ()  91, 109, 147, 151152, 
173, 246247, 297, 361, 373, 586, 727, 
738. 
    88, 89, 364, 500501. 
  249, 572573, 695, 734. 
   157, 174 
175, 518, 759760. 
  
    -
    177181, 512, 728; 
     512, 651 
653; 
     779 780, 
782784, 
 
   78, 178, 179, 181, 
187, 409, 550, 596597, 751752. 
   17. 
  
      263264, 
283, 513515, 567, 615, 657, 669670, 
686709, 716724, 728729, 750, 753; 
    514515.
   657, 686, 724.
. : .
    88, 89, 364, 500 501, 757.
  1688 1689  
735. 
   53, 182183, 208209. 
 
   88, 248249, 346, 369371, 
729, 735736; 

 
  ,   
    
88, 729 770771, 773774, 784; 
  ,   
    196197, 
597 599, 672, 725727, 728730, 732, 
734, 770774, 784; 
   770, 773; 
     88 
89, 773. 
. :  . 
    911, 
247. 206, 281, 309310, 395, 404, 406, 
432, 454, 470, 513, 587, 724, 763, 766, 769, 
774, 778, 782783. 
  . . 
   18, 34, 
499, 512514, 772773. 
 161, 203, 221, 279, 607, 681 
682, 765, 783. 
  -. -
- . 
   8788, 147, 148, 318, 333, 
346, 351352, 371, 401, 439440, 518, 
727, 754, 759, 760, 764. 
   643, 653. 
   321, 325, 336, 
715; 
     179, 191196, 
220, 618, 726; 
      
    
   189195, 217 218, 
320, 578; 
     215217; 
      197 
202, 210213, 215219, 220, 598, 619; 
     -
    
320, 516; 
     
  48, 620, 636; 
     180181, 
320, 726, 776; 
     
   772. 
   189195, 214 215, 
341, 433435, 613, 637. 
   166, 175. 
   282, 431 
432. 
   .  -
 . 
    626, 
636637. 
 
   4647, 54, 60, 73, 93, 
545; 
     56, 67, 
93; 
      
   91; 
    4447, 70; 
    5455, 
213; 
     4749, 54, 
73, 112, 198, 545; 
      
   4849, 
5455, 619 620; 
. :  , 
 ,  
,  . -
 . 
   215. 
   189190, 192, 193, 
201, 214, 372. 
 
   3132, 228, 605. 
    626, 
636639, 642. 
   ( ) 
 383, 497, 618619, 624, 642, 646.
 
    56, 43, 49, 80 
81, 8283, 92; 
     4350, 
56, 70, 83, 97, 114115, 124, 197; 
     
   50 56, 8384, 90, 210212; 

 
    
    4951, 56, 71, 81
84, 9698, 180;
    4449, 54 56, 60,
67, 70, 73, 92, 112, 198, 213, 545, 619
620;
     8082,
85, 92;
     71, 84,
8586, 91.
. :  ,  
.    
.  . 
   157, 208, 363,
638;
     4951,
56, 71, 8184, 9698, 180;
      -
  124, 180;
   180; 
    6970, 197 209, 365,
600601, 638;
      
  -
  124; 
     -
 116118; 
    
    -
   596601. 
   157.
. :  , 
,  . 
  44. 
  123124, 597. 
  159161, 170; 
   101102, 180; 
   151; 
   153157, 594, 762, 764;
      -
  151; 
   276277, 769; 
    764.
   577.
   760, 764, 767.
   161, 166, 174175,
518.
. :  .
  395 396, 461, 491, 762.
  641.
   743, 749 750.
 ( )  5053, 76,
188196, 206208, 210212, 214, 320,
547, 551, 578, 620 621.
  152, 474.
 
     189,
434, 494, 516517.
   86, 104, 308,
494495, 512, 610, 746.
   769.
 
 
    9. 286, 429
431, 461, 470471;
     51,
431433;
    286, 430447, 
463464. 
  
    9, 250 251, 290,
301, 304, 307308, 309, 311, 435, 492,
495, 512;
    9, 250251, 280, 286311, 
435436, 500506; 
    286, 287288, 309; 
    286. 
    
185186, 260262, 614615. 
  724. 
 
    87 88, 344,
346, 607, 727730, 759760;
    612; 
    729730, 732, 734, 753;
    743; 
    754755; 
    439440, 727, 729 
730, 732, 734, 743 744.
  728729, 736, 753755, 759.
   8083, 635;
   82, 92;

 
    8183; 
     -
  85; 
     90; 
    9293, 
  92, 174, 202, 330 331, 
517, 543, 604, 775. 
     194, 
216, 415416, 618, 621622. 
   766767. 
    
 342344, 518520, 748. 
   57, 6970, 164 
165, 621; 
     5758, 77 79; 
       75; 
   57, 7072, 7576, 78, 80, 
105; 
   7276, 78, 105; 
   7577, 7880, 96, 105, 
118; 
   57, 7980, 86, 104156. 
621. 
. :  , -
 ,  
. 
-  1870 1871  
 155. 
  10, 17, 18, 33, 152, 155, 280, 
287288, 309, 319, 366, 404, 474, 705, 
734, 747, 748, 751752, 754755. 
    
XVIII .  99, 630, 751752. 
  XVIII .  101, 
623. 
  17, 33, 7071, 187, 
252, 266, 290293, 300301, 303, 492, 
688, 759. 
X 
  31, 190, 193, 318319, 619. 
     291 292, 
300, 465, 466, 469, 688, 690, 724. 
 
 ( )  105, 106, 
109113, 115, 117, 118, 
127128, 167169, 171174, 176177, 
183184, 202. 
    
 319, 345, 639644, 765, 772773,783. 
   318, 333, 351 352, 
371, 376, 727, 759, 760. 
 
  290, 292, 294. 
   51, 68, 77, 8285, 104, 
124. 
 (   -
)  5152, 81, 188189, 195, 213 
214, 337338, 383, 516, 617. 
 
  33. 
  735. 
  435436. 
 
  
     6061, 
6567; 
    -
  65, 68, 76 78; 
     6668; 
    67; 
     -
 5758; 
      -
    62, 65, 
7679, 98. 
  135. 
   1417, 22, 33, 
133, 164, 252, 681; 
     123 124, 
149150, 218, 602; 
      
  123124; 
     149 150; 
      
  556, 658, 668, 681685. 
 
    196, 199200, 
207208, 336337, 

 
341, 399400, 421, 437, 473, 475476, 
539, 637, 772; 
   185186, 207, 331332, 539, 
720. 
     
518; 
    342343; 
     -
  631632; 
     227 231, 
540544, 613, 618; 
     489. -
   625, 779. 
 
   -
  727, 729, 732734, 736 
747, 758, 771772, 783; 
   -
      
766; 
   772773. 
 
  84. 
  152. 729. 

 
  -    ................................................. VVI
   .................................................................. 511
    .............................................................. 1222
    ................................................... 25
    .................................................. 26
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    ..................................................... 3034
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D.  ......................................................................................................................7980
4.     ......................................................................................8093
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 .................................................................................................................. 188321 
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( .  ,  ,  .  -
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2.    ..................................................................................................197209
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1.     ..........................................................................................223232
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3.   ............................................................................................................235240
4.   ..................................................................................................................240241
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2.    .    ................................................246254
3.      
   ....................................................................................................254267 
( .  .  . -
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4.    .   .......................................................................................267273 
(   .) 
5.     .     
    XIV   XVII  ...........................................................274286 
(       .  -
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.) 
6.     .   
    .   
 1833 1864 .........................................................................................287306 
( 1833 ., 1844 ., 1847 ., 1850 .  .  -
.    .) 
7.     .    
   ...........................................................................................306311 
 .      ...................... 312321


 .   
  .................................................................................... 322515 
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(   ,   -
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 .     ............................. 348381
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2.     .................................................................................................351354
3.    :     
 ...............................................................................................................................354363 
4.        
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5.    ...............................................................................372381
 .     .................. 382515
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2.      ...............................................................................398406
3.       ...................................................406429
a)     .     ....................406413
b)    ........................................................................................................414420
c)   ...........................................................................................................420430
4.  ........................................................................................................................................430437
5.     ..............................................................................................438447
6.    ,   ..................................448457
7.          
.     ...........................................457469 
8.    ,  
    ........................................................................................................................470491 
a)  ,      
.......................................................................................................................................470471 
b)          .........................................471473
c)   .....................................................................................................473476
d)    ..................................................................................................476480
( . .) 
)          
.     
         
( .)................................................................................................................481491 


9.   (     ). 
     ( .) ..................................492512 
10.     ..................................................................................513515
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 ..................................................................................... 516527 
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I.        (),  
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4. ,       , 
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5.    ....................................................................................................623625
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       .....................................................635643 
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4.     . 
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5.      ..........................................663724
a)  18461866 . ...........................................................................................................663668
b)       
 .....................................................................................................................................668677 
( .  . . --. . 
.) 
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( .  .    -
.) 
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(      .) 
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( .) 
f) ..................................................................................................................................709724
  .    
 ................................................................................................................ 725773 
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2.      ...............................................................728744
(        XV    -
 XVI .     .  
    .    
.   .    
 .  ,       
          .) 
3.     XV   . 
     .........................................................................744752 


4.    .......................................................................................752754
5.      . 
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6.   .........................................................................................759770
( .   .  -
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7.     ......................................................770773
  .   ...................... 774784
....................................................................................................................... 787812
  ................................................................................................................ 813838
    ................................................... 839877
     ........................................................... 878882
  ................................................................................................... 883900
 
 .  1867 .......................................................................  VIII1 
    16  1867  ......................................... 1 
     I   .................. 7 
     I   ..................... 15 
  ,   
 I  ............................................................................... 23 

    . .  
  
. .   . .  
    
  . .  
 . .  
 . .  
  . .  
 . .   . .  
* 
   8/ 1959 .  
  28/VI 1960 .  60921/16. 
1
. . . 571/4 + 1  (/8 . .).
. . . 573/8. .-. . 66,9.
 135 . .   1780.
 10 .
 1/1 1961 .  1 .
* 
 
 .
, -47,  ., 7.
* 
   
.  
 . 
 
  1  
 . . .
, , 26.

